Systems and methods for distributed resource management

ABSTRACT

Methods, nontransitory computer readable media, and systems are disclosed for servicing a job queue. Each job has node resource requirements. Composite job memory and processor requirements is determined from these requirements. Nodes that satisfy these requirements are identified by obtaining, for each class of a plurality of node classes: an availability score, a number of processers, and a memory capability. A request for nodes of a class is made when a demand score for the class satisfies the class availability score. An acknowledgement and updated availability score is received upon request acceptance. A declination is received upon request rejection. The submitting and receiving is performing multiple times, if needed, until each class has been considered for a request or sufficient acknowledgements are received to satisfy the composite requirements of the jobs. Each node in the cluster draws jobs from the queue subject to the collective requirements of the drawn jobs.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/566,199, filed Sep. 10, 2019, entitled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FORDISTRIBUTED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, which claims priority to U.S. Pat. No.10,452,448, entitled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR DISTRIBUTED RESOURCEMANAGEMENT, which claims priority to U.S. Pat. No. 10,162,678, entitledSYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR DISTRIBUTED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 9,946,577, entitled SYSTEMS ANDMETHODS FOR DISTRIBUTED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, which, in turn, claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/545,034, entitledSYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR DISTRIBUTED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, filed Aug. 14,2017, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosed implementations relate generally to improved systems andmethods for distributed resource management of computationally intensiveor memory intensive tasks.

BACKGROUND

Distributed resource management tools such as the Sun Grid Engine(“SGE”) and Slurm enable higher utilization, better workload throughput,and higher end-user productivity from existing compute resources. See,Templeton, 2008, “Beginner's Guide to Sun Grid Engine 6.2,” White Paper;and Pascual et al., 2009, “Job Scheduling Strategies for ParallelProcessing,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 5798: 138-144. ISBN978-3-642-04632-2. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04633-9_8. For instance, SGEtransparently selects the resources that are best suited for eachsegment of work, and distributes the workload across a resource poolwhile shielding end users from the inner working of the compute cluster.First, it allocates exclusive and/or non-exclusive access to resources(computer nodes) to users for some duration of time so they can performwork. Second, it provides a framework for starting, executing, andmonitoring work (typically a parallel job) on a set of allocated nodes.Finally, it arbitrates contention for resources by managing a queue ofpending jobs. Similarly, SLURM (i) provides exclusive and/ornon-exclusive access to resources (computer nodes) to users for someduration of time so they can perform work, (ii) provides a framework forstarting, executing, and monitoring work (typically a parallel job) on aset of allocated nodes, and (iii) arbitrates contention for resources bymanaging a queue of pending jobs.

Thus, central to such distributed schedulers is that users, who havecomputational jobs to be performed, represented by script, submit theirscripts to the distributed scheduler, such as SGE or SLURM, and thescheduler finds a computer in a network that is available to run thecomputational job.

A drawback with such conventional schedulers is that they were developedprior to cloud computing. One aspect of cloud computing is that thenetwork that is available to run a computational job is dynamic. Whencomputational resources are not required, end users do not need to payfor them. In other words, rather than being a fixed size, the availablecluster of computing resources can be scaled up or down on a dynamicbasis as a function of current computational need. Conventionalschedulers do not satisfactorily handle this dynamic element of cloudcomputing. For instance, if SGE is applied to a cloud based computingnetwork and one of the computers in the network disappears (because thenetwork is being scaled down due to current decreased computationaldemand), SGE does not handle the situation satisfactorily.

With the advent of cloud computing, operations groups runningdistributed computing jobs expect to be able to add and renew resourcesto clusters without having to restart nodes. However, such a feature isnot satisfactorily supported by conventional distributed computingschedulers.

Moreover, sole reliance on cloud based solutions for distributedscheduling of computing jobs has drawbacks, particularly in instanceswhere the distributed computational jobs require breaking a dataset intotens, hundreds, or thousands of chunks that are each processed onindependent CPU cores using algorithms that takes the independent CPUcores minutes, tens of minutes or hours to complete. For instance, somecloud based solutions, such as AWS batch, spin up an entire virtual nodefor each such chunk. See the Internet, ataws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/aws-batch-run-batch-computing-jobs-on-aws. Thisresults in a two-to five-minute overhead per submitted job, and thussubstantially reduces the efficiency of short jobs. It also reducesefficiency of jobs which do not perfectly fit the memory or processoravailability of the computer they are run on. Another cloud basedsolution is AMAZON WEB SERVICES' (AWS) EC2 Spot Instances. See theInternet at aws.amazon.com/ec2/spot/. AWS EC2 Spot Instances is areal-time (second price) auction where customers (or software running onbehalf of customers) submit electronic bids for computers. The bid isactive, and customer get access to the computer and is charged for it,until the customer gives up the computer or someone else offers a higherbid. Like on demand instances provided by AWS, the customer can select apre-configured or custom Amazon Machine Image (AMI), configure securityand network access to their Spot instance, choose from multiple instancetypes and locations, use static IP endpoints, and attach persistentblock storage to their Spot instances. Similarly, the customer can payfor each instance by the hour with no up-front commitments. Other cloudbased solutions, such as AWS Lamda, are designed to work with smallcomputing projects. See the Internet, at aws.amazon.com/lambda/. AWSLambda is not optimized for larger jobs that run for longer, such as apipeline that requires 30 CPU cores for several hours. Additionally,such cloud based solutions have the drawback of supporting only someprogramming languages, such as Node.js, Java, Ruby, C#, Go, Python, orPHP, while offering unsatisfactory support, no support, or outrightprohibiting other programming languages. If cloud based solutions didnot time out, provided ample memory support for each chunk, did notspin-up a complete virtual node for each chunk, imposed no restrictionson which programming languages can be used, and did all this in a costeffective manner, then distributed scheduling solutions may not benecessary. However, in practice, cloud based solutions do have theabove-identified drawbacks. Accordingly, improved distributedscheduling, even in the context of cloud computing resources, isnecessary in order to ensure that each job has the proper resources andis being run as economically as practically possible.

Given these circumstances, what is needed in the art are improveddistributed scheduling tools that can handle the dynamic environment ofcloud based computing, where resources in the computing network emergeand disappear on a dynamic basis.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure addresses the above-identified need in the art byproviding systems and methods for distributed resource management ofcomputationally intensive or memory intensive tasks.

One aspect of the present disclosure provides a computing systemcomprising one or more processors and a memory. The memory stores one ormore programs for execution by the one or more processors. The one ormore programs singularly or collectively comprise instructions forexecuting a method. The method comprises, for a first epic in aplurality of epics, identifying a first plurality of jobs in a queue.Each respective job in the first plurality of jobs is associated with atimestamp that indicates when the respective job was submitted to thequeue and specifies one or more node resource requirements. The methodfurther comprises determining a composite computer memory requirementand a composite processing core requirement, for the first plurality ofjobs, from the one or more node resource requirements of each job in thefirst plurality of jobs.

In some embodiments, these composite requirements are determined when adifference between the timestamp of an oldest job in the queue and theonset of the first epic exceeds a time threshold.

The method further comprises identifying a first one or more nodes toadd to a cluster during the first epic to satisfy at least a subset ofthe composite computer memory requirement and/or the compositeprocessing core requirement. In some embodiments, this identifyingcomprises (i) obtaining, for each respective node class in a firstplurality of node classes: (a) a current availability score, (b) areservable number of processing cores, and (c) a reservable memorycapability of the respective node class. In other words, for eachrespective node class, the current availability score of the node class(e.g., asking price per hour for a node of the node class), the numberof processing cores that may be used when reserving a node of therespective node class, and the amount of RAM memory that is madeavailable to the user of the node of the respective node class. Then, arequest is submitted for one or more nodes of a corresponding node classin the first plurality of node classes when a demand score (e.g.,bidding price) for the corresponding node class satisfies the currentavailability score for the corresponding node class by a first thresholdamount.

In the method, a response to the request is received. The responseincludes an acknowledgement and updated current availability score forthe respective node class when the request for the one or more nodes ofthe corresponding node class is accepted. The response includes adeclination when the request for the one or more nodes of thecorresponding node class is rejected.

In this way, a first one or more nodes to be added to the cluster ofnodes during the first epic is identified.

The method continues by adding the first one or more nodes to thecluster of nodes during the first epic.

Each respective node in the cluster of nodes is granted a drawprivilege. The draw privilege permits a respective node to draw one ormore jobs from the queue during the first epic subject to a constraintthat the collective computer memory requirements and processing corerequirements of the one or more jobs collectively drawn by a respectivenode in the cluster of nodes does not exceed a number of reservableprocessing cores and a reservable memory capability of the respectivenode.

In the disclosed methods, a first node in the cluster of nodes drawsmore than one job from the queue for concurrent execution on the firstnode during the first epic. In some embodiments, other nodes in thecluster of nodes may draw a single job, or concurrently draw multiplejobs from the queue for execution.

In some embodiments, the process of identifying suitable node classesfurther comprises repeating, or performing concurrently, additionalinstances of the submitting of requests and receiving responses until afirst occurrence of (a) each node class in the first plurality of nodeclasses being considered for a request or (b) receiving a sufficientnumber of acknowledgements to collectively satisfy the compositecomputer memory requirement and the composite processing corerequirement of the first plurality of jobs.

In some embodiments, a first job in the first plurality of jobscorresponds to a chunk in a plurality of chunks, the one or more noderesource requirements for the first job comprises a computer memoryrequirement and a number of processing cores requirement, an amount ofthe computer memory requirement is determined by a size of the chunk,and the number of processing cores requirement is determined by anamount of processing resource needed for processing the chunk.

In some embodiments, each respective job in the first plurality of jobsis associated with an originating user identifier, and the methodfurther comprises associating the originating user of a first job in thefirst plurality of jobs with all or a portion of the updated currentavailability score of the node class of the respective node that drawsthe first job in the first plurality of jobs. In some such embodiments,the first job reserves an entirety of the reservable memory or anentirety of the reservable processing cores of the respective node andthe associating associates the originating user with all of the updatedcurrent availability score of the node class of the respective node. Inalternative embodiments, the first job reserves a fraction of thereservable memory or a fraction of the reservable processing cores ofthe respective node and the originating user is associated with acorresponding fraction of the updated currently availability score ofthe node class of the respective node.

In some embodiments, the demand score for a node class is determined by(i) the number of reservable processing cores of the respective nodeclass, and (ii) the reservable memory capability of the respective nodeclass. In some embodiments, the demand score for the respective nodeclass is further determined by a processor performance of a reservableprocessing core of the respective node class.

In some embodiments, each job in the first plurality of jobs correspondsto a chunk in a plurality of chunks, a dataset that includes theplurality of chunks is associated with a first data center at a firstgeographic location, the first data center physically houses a firstsubset of the first plurality of node classes, the demand score for arespective node class is further determined by whether the respectivenode class is in the first data center or a data center other than thefirst data center.

In some embodiments, each difference between the respective timestamp ofa corresponding job in the first plurality of jobs and the onset of thefirst epic exceeds a given time threshold. In other words, each of thejobs in the first plurality of jobs has been waiting for at least thegiven time threshold.

In some embodiments, the demand score for a respective node class in thefirst plurality of node classes is penalized when the currentavailability score for the respective node class is within a secondthreshold amount of an initial demand score for the respective nodeclass. This is because of the likelihood that the current availabilityscore may soon exceed the demand score is unacceptably high when thecurrent availability score for the respective node class is too close tothe initial demand score.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises, for a second epic inthe plurality of epics occurring immediately after the first epic:responsive to identifying fewer jobs in the queue than can be servicedby the cluster, terminating a privilege of one or more nodes in thecluster to draw further jobs from the queue. In other words, in thissecond epic, a determination is made that the cluster has excesscapacity and so, to reduce costs, one or more nodes should be gracefullyremoved from the cluster. In some such embodiments, first, the drawprivileges of some of the nodes is terminated. Then, as such nodescomplete their existing jobs, they are terminated from the cluster.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises, for a second epic inthe plurality of epics occurring before the first epic, obtaining anupdated current availability score for each node class for one or morenodes in the cluster and, responsive to determining that the updatedcurrent availability score for a respective node class exceeds a firstlimiter, terminating a privilege of each node in the cluster of therespective node class to draw jobs from the queue. In other words, adetermination is made that some nodes in the cluster are too expensivebecause they exceed their corresponding demand score. Consequently, oneor more nodes in the queue that exceed their corresponding demand score(the demand score for the corresponding node class) are removed from thecluster. In some such embodiments, first, the draw privileges of thesenodes are terminated. Then, as such nodes complete their existing jobs,they are terminated from the cluster.

In some embodiments, responsive to determining that the updated currentavailability score for a respective node class exceeds a second limiter,each node in the cluster that is a node of the respective node class isimmediately terminated from the cluster. In other words, a determinationis made that a node class represented by nodes in the cluster is tooexpensive because they greatly exceed the demand score for the nodeclass. Consequently, one or more nodes in the queue of this node classare immediately removed from the cluster without waiting for these nodesto complete their existing jobs.

In some embodiments, at least one node in the first one or more nodes isa virtual machine.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises rank ordering thefirst plurality of node classes prior to the submitting requests fornodes of the respective node classes. In some such embodiments the rankordering occurs through a first procedure that comprises: determining arespective effective availability score for each respective node classin the first plurality of node classes as a function of a ratio of (a)the current availability score for the respective node class and (b) acombination of (i) the reservable number of processing cores for therespective node class and (ii) a likelihood of usefulness of therespective node class, where the likelihood of usefulness is determinedby a difference in the current availability score and a demand score forthe respective node class, thereby rank ordering the first plurality ofnode classes into an order. Then, the rank order of the first pluralityof node classes is used to determine which node class in the firstplurality of node classes to submit the request.

In some embodiments, the first one or more nodes comprises 10 or morenodes, 100 or more nodes, 1000 or more nodes, or 5000 or more nodes.

In some embodiments, the first one or more nodes comprises one or morenodes of a first node class and one or more nodes of a second node classin the plurality of node classes. For instance, in some suchembodiments, the first node class is associated with a different numberof reservable processing cores or a different amount of reservablememory than the second node class.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises displaying a summaryof the node cluster during the first epic, where the node summaryspecifies, for each respective node in the node cluster, how many jobsdrawn from the queue that the respective node is presently executing.

In some embodiments, the memory further comprises a pending jobsdirectory, and the method further comprises writing a job definitionfile in the pending jobs directory for each respective job in the queue.In some such embodiments, the memory further comprises a succeeded jobsdirectory, and the method further comprises moving the corresponding jobdefinition file of each respective job that has been completed by a nodein the cluster to the succeeded jobs directory. In some embodiments, thememory further comprises a failed jobs directory and the method furthercomprises moving the corresponding job definition file of eachrespective job that has been initiated but unsuccessfully completed bythe cluster to the failed jobs directory and writing a correspondingerror report for the respective job to the failed jobs directory.

In some embodiments, a respective host directory is created for eachrespective node in the first one or more nodes thereby creating a one ormore host directories, and a corresponding node status file is writtenin the corresponding host directory for each respective node in thefirst one or more nodes. In such embodiments, the method furthercomprises updating a status of each respective node in the cluster byupdating the node status file corresponding to the respective node basedupon a status received from the respective node. Moreover, the methodfurther comprises moving the job definition file of a job in the queuefrom the pending jobs directory to the host directory corresponding to arespective node in the cluster when the respective node draws the jobfrom the queue. In some such embodiments, the method further comprisesrunning a node clean-up process comprising checking a status of eachnode in the cluster by reading each host configuration in each hostdirectory in the one or more host directories on a recurring basis and,responsive to a determination that a respective node in the cluster hasfailed to update its status in the host configuration file correspondingto the respective node within a first time-out period, moving the jobdefinition file of each respective job that is in the host directorycorresponding to the respective node back into the pending jobsdirectory thereby adding each said respective job back to the queue.

In some such embodiments, the memory further comprises a failed jobsdirectory, and the method further comprises: responsive to determiningthat a respective node in the cluster has failed to update its status inthe node status file corresponding to the respective node within asecond time-out period, moving the job definition file of eachrespective job that is in the host directory corresponding to therespective node into the failed jobs directory; and removing therespective node from the cluster.

In some embodiments the status written to a node status file for a nodein the cluster comprises any combination of: a state of thecorresponding node, a timestamp, a remaining number of reservable numberof processing cores that is currently available on the correspondingnode, a remaining amount of reservable memory that is currentlyavailable on the corresponding node, a total number of reservable numberof processing cores that is available on the corresponding node, a totalamount of reservable memory that is available on the corresponding node,and an instance identifier for the respective node.

In some embodiments, the cluster is configurable between a permissivestatus and a non-permissive status. When the cluster is in thepermissive status, nodes can be added to the cluster in the mannerdescribed above. When the cluster is in the non-permissive status, nodescannot be added to the cluster. Accordingly, when the cluster is in thenon-permissive status and a first job in the queue has been in the queuefor more than a predetermined amount of time, the method furthercomprises: moving the job definition file of the first job in the queuefrom the pending jobs directory to the host directory corresponding to arespective node in the cluster that is most likely able to handle thefirst job first and revoking the draw privilege of the respective nodeuntil the respective node has completed the first job. This forces thenode to complete the first job.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises, responsive todetermining that the cluster does not include a node that has asufficient amount of reservable memory or a sufficient amount ofreservable processing cores to handle a first job in the queue thatrequires the greatest amount of memory or the most number of processingcores: submitting a request for a node that has sufficient amount ofreservable memory or a sufficient amount of reservable processing coresto handle the first job; and adding the node to the cluster. Thisensures that a node that can handle a large job that is in the queue isadded to the cluster.

In some embodiments, the cluster is configurable between a permissivestatus and a non-permissive status and the method further comprisesobtaining, on a recurring basis, for each respective node in thecluster, a current availability score of the respective node. There iscomputed, on the recurring basis, a total availability score for thecluster as a summation of each respective current availability score ofeach node in the cluster. The cluster is allowed to be in the permissivestatus when the total availability score is less than a firstpredetermined limiter, and the cluster is required to be in thenon-permissive status when the total availability score exceeds thefirst predetermined limiter. When the cluster is in the permissivestatus, the adding of nodes to the cluster in the manner described aboveis permitted. When the cluster is in the non-permissive status, theadding of nodes in the manner described above is not permitted. In somesuch embodiments, the method further comprises revoking the drawprivilege of a node in the cluster when the total availability scoreexceeds the first predetermined limiter; and immediately terminating anode in the cluster when the total availability score exceeds a secondpredetermined limiter.

In some embodiments, a respective node in the cluster that has the drawprivilege draws a job from the queue when the respective node has anavailability of reservable memory and reservable processing cores byreserving the job in the queue with the oldest timestamp subject to theconstraint that the job can be handled by the available reservablememory and reservable processing cores of the respective node.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding a respectivejob to the queue. In some such embodiments the respective job is addedto the queue by creating an identifier for the respective job, andcreating a job data construct for the respective job. In some suchembodiments, the job data construct tracks comprises the identifier forthe respective job, and any combination of a name of the respective job,an account associated with the respective job, a user name of a personsubmitting the respective job, a timestamp of when the job wassubmitted, a timestamp for when the job is drawn by a respective node inthe cluster of nodes, a timestamp for when the job is completed, anindication of a number of processor cores required by the respective jobor an amount of memory required by the respective job, an identifierfield for identifying the respective node in the cluster of nodes thatdrew the job, and an exit code that was received upon completion of thejob.

In some embodiments, the one or more node resource requirementscomprises a computer memory requirement and a number of processing coresrequired.

In some embodiments, the first epic is a predetermined amount of time(e.g., five minutes, 10 minutes, etc.). In some embodiments, each epicin the plurality of epics is a predetermined amount of time (e.g., fiveminutes, 10 minutes, etc.).

In some embodiments, the addition of the first one or more nodes to thecluster comprises installing a distributed computing module on each nodein the one or more nodes. Moreover, for some such embodiments, for afirst node in the one or more nodes, the installed distributed computingmodule executes a procedure comprising scanning the queue in accordancewith the draw privilege, thereby identifying the one or more jobs fromthe queue during the first epic to run on the first node. In someembodiments, the computing system comprises a pending jobs directorythat is shared by all the nodes in the cluster. In such embodiments, themethod further comprises writing a job definition file in the pendingjobs directory for each respective job in the queue and the adding ofthe first one or more nodes to the cluster comprises creating arespective host directory for each respective node in the first one ormore nodes thereby creating one or more host directories, and writing acorresponding node status file in the corresponding host directory foreach respective node in the first one or more nodes. In some suchembodiments, the procedure executed by the distributed computing modulefurther comprises moving the job definition file of a first job in thequeue from the pending jobs directory to the host directorycorresponding to the first node when the respective distributedcomputing module draws the job from the queue for execution on the firstnode thereby preventing other nodes in the cluster from taking the firstjob. In some such embodiments, the procedure executed by the distributedcomputing module further comprises executing the first job, trackingprogress of the first job, tracking resource utilization of the firstjob while the first job is executing, and reporting on the resourceutilization of the first job. In some embodiments, the first procedurefurther comprises installing one or more software applications on thefirst node that are capable of executing one or more jobs in the queue.In some embodiments, the first node includes an operating system and thefirst procedure further comprises altering a parameter of the operatingsystem. In some embodiments, the first procedure further comprisesconfiguring access for the first node to an authentication mechanismsuch as a lightweight directory access protocol mechanism. In someembodiments, the first procedure further comprises configuring a networkresource. In some embodiments, the installed distributed computingmodule configures the first node in accordance with a continuousintegration/continuous deployment tool. In some embodiments, thedistributed computing module is acquired by each node in the first oneor more nodes from a file system that is shared by the cluster prior toinstalling a distributed computing module on each node in the one ormore nodes. In some embodiments, the first procedure comprises providingan updated current availability score for the respective node class.

Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium stored on a computing device. Thecomputing device comprises one or more processors and a memory. Thememory stores one or more programs for execution by the one or moreprocessors. The one or more programs singularly or collectively compriseinstructions for executing a method comprising, for a first epic in aplurality of epics: identifying a first plurality of jobs in a queue.Each respective job in the first plurality of jobs is associated with atimestamp that indicates when the respective job was submitted to thequeue and specifies one or more node resource requirements. The methodfurther comprises determining a composite computer memory requirementand a composite processing core requirement for the first plurality ofjobs from the one or more node resource requirements of each job in thefirst plurality of jobs, when a difference between the timestamp of anoldest job in the queue and the onset of the first epic exceeds a timethreshold. The method further comprises identifying a first one or morenodes to add to a cluster during the first epic to satisfy at least asubset of the composite computer memory requirement and the compositeprocessing core requirement. In some such embodiments, this identifyingcomprises: (i) obtaining, for each respective node class in a firstplurality of node classes: (a) a current availability score, (b) areservable number of processing cores, and (c) a reservable memorycapability of the respective node class. The identifying furthercomprises (ii) submitting a request for one or more nodes of acorresponding node class in the first plurality of node classes when ademand score for the corresponding node class satisfies the currentavailability score for the corresponding node class by a first thresholdamount. A response to the request is received. The response includes anacknowledgement and updated current availability score for therespective node class when the request for the one or more nodes of thecorresponding node class is accepted, or a declination when the requestfor the one or more nodes of the corresponding node class is rejected,thereby identifying the first one or more nodes to add to the cluster ofnodes during the first epic. The method further comprises adding thefirst one or more nodes to the cluster of nodes during the first epicand granting each respective node in the cluster of nodes with a drawprivilege. The draw privilege permits a respective node to draw one ormore jobs from the queue during the first epic subject to a constraintthat the collective computer memory requirements and processing corerequirements of the one or more jobs collectively drawn by a respectivenode in the cluster of nodes does not exceed a number of reservableprocessing cores and a reservable memory capability of the respectivenode. Further, a first node in the cluster of nodes draws more than onejob from the queue for concurrent execution on the first node during thefirst epic.

Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method comprising,at a computer system comprising one or more processors and a memory, fora first epic in a plurality of epics, and for a first epic in aplurality of epics, identifying a first plurality of jobs in a queue,where each respective job in the first plurality of jobs is associatedwith a timestamp that indicates when the respective job was submitted tothe queue and specifies one or more node resource requirements. Themethod further comprises determining a composite computer memoryrequirement and a composite processing core requirement for the firstplurality of jobs from the one or more node resource requirements ofeach job in the first plurality of jobs, when a difference between thetimestamp of an oldest job in the queue and the onset of the first epicexceeds a time threshold. The method further comprises identifying afirst one or more nodes to add to a cluster during the first epic tosatisfy at least a subset of the composite computer memory requirementand the composite processing core requirement. The identifyingcomprises: (i) obtaining, for each respective node class in a firstplurality of node classes: (a) a current availability score, (b) areservable number of processing cores, and (c) a reservable memorycapability of the respective node class. The identifying furthercomprises (ii) submitting a request for one or more nodes of acorresponding node class in the first plurality of node classes when ademand score for the corresponding node class satisfies the currentavailability score for the corresponding node class by a first thresholdamount. The identifying still further comprises (iii) receiving aresponse to the request, where the response includes: an acknowledgementand updated current availability score for the respective node classwhen the request for the one or more nodes of the corresponding nodeclass is accepted, or a declination when the request for the one or morenodes of the corresponding node class is rejected. This identifyingrepeats, or performs concurrently, additional instances of thesubmitting (ii) and receiving (iii) until a first occurrence of (a) eachnode class in the first plurality of node classes being considered for arequest by the submitting (ii) or (b) receiving a sufficient number ofacknowledgements through instances of the receiving (iii) tocollectively satisfy the composite computer memory requirement and thecomposite processing core requirement of the first plurality of jobs,thereby identifying the first one or more nodes to add to the cluster ofnodes during the first epic. The method further comprises adding thefirst one or more nodes to the cluster of nodes during the first epic.The method further comprises granting each respective node in thecluster of nodes with a draw privilege, where the draw privilege permitsa respective node to draw one or more jobs from the queue during thefirst epic subject to a constraint that the collective computer memoryrequirements and processing core requirements of the one or more jobscollectively drawn by a respective node in the cluster of nodes does notexceed a number of reservable processing cores and a reservable memorycapability of the respective node. Further, a first node in the clusterof nodes draws, in some instances, more than one job from the queue forconcurrent execution on the first node during the first epic, or is atleast configured to be able to do so should the need arise.

Another aspect of the present disclosure provides management code thatis run on nodes once they are added to a cluster. This software manageswhat jobs nodes actually run as well as coordination with theabove-identified master process that were claimed and each node in thecluster. Accordingly, another aspect of the present disclosure providesa computing system comprising one or more processors and a memory. Thememory stores one or more programs for execution by the one or moreprocessors. The one or more programs singularly or collectively compriseinstructions for executing a method in which a first plurality of jobsin a queue is identified. In some embodiments, each respective job inthe first plurality of jobs is optionally associated with a timestampthat indicates when the respective job was submitted to the queue andspecifies one or more node resource requirements. A composite computermemory requirement and a composite processing core requirement aredetermined for the first plurality of jobs, from the one or more noderesource requirements of each job in the first plurality of jobs. Afirst one or more nodes to add to a cluster to satisfy at least a subsetof the composite computer memory requirement and the compositeprocessing core requirement is identified and the first one or morenodes are, in fact, added to the cluster of nodes by installing adistributed computing module on each node in the first one or morenodes. Each respective node in the cluster of nodes, including therecently added nodes, is a granted with a draw privilege. The drawprivilege permits the respective node in the cluster of nodes to drawone or more jobs from the queue subject to a constraint that thecollective computer memory requirements and processing core requirementsof the one or more jobs collectively drawn by the respective node in thecluster of nodes does not exceed a number of reservable processing coresand a reservable memory capability of the respective node. Specifically,for a first node in the first one or more nodes, the installeddistributed computing module executes a procedure comprising scanningthe queue in accordance with the draw privilege, thereby identifying oneor more jobs from the queue during the first epic for execution on thefirst node.

In some embodiments, the identifying of the first one or more nodescomprises (i) obtaining, for each respective node class in a firstplurality of node classes: (a) a current availability score, (b) areservable number of processing cores, and (c) a reservable memorycapability of the respective node class, (ii) submitting a request forone or more nodes of a corresponding node class in the first pluralityof node classes when a demand score for the corresponding node classsatisfies the current availability score for the corresponding nodeclass by a first threshold amount, and (iii) receiving a response to therequest, where the response includes: an acknowledgement and updatedcurrent availability score for the respective node class when therequest for the one or more nodes of the corresponding node class isaccepted, or a declination when the request for the one or more nodes ofthe corresponding node class is rejected, thereby identifying the firstone or more nodes to add to the cluster of nodes during the first epic.

In some embodiments, the above-identified requests are in the form ofelectronic bids for nodes in a public auction. Such bids may be rejectedor may be fulfilled only to be superseded by another bid, later. Inaccordance with some such embodiments, the request is submitted to apublic auction in which multiple requests are received for the one ormore nodes of the corresponding node class from a plurality of bidders,and the response includes the acknowledgement when the request outbids asufficient number of other bidders in the plurality of bidders, and theresponse includes the declination when the request does not outbid thesufficient number of other bidders in the plurality of bidders. In somesuch embodiments, the response includes the acknowledgement when therequest outbids all other bidders in the plurality of bidders. In somesuch embodiments, the response includes the acknowledgement and,responsive to a bid by another bidder that outbids the request at asubsequent time, removing the one or more nodes of the correspondingnode class.

In some embodiments, the computing system further comprises a pendingjobs directory, the method further comprises writing a job definitionfile in the pending jobs directory for each respective job in the queue,the addition of the first one or more nodes to the cluster furthercomprises creating a respective host directory for each respective nodein the first one or more nodes thereby creating a plurality of hostdirectories, and writing a corresponding node status file in thecorresponding host directory for each respective node in the cluster. Insome such embodiments, the procedure executed by a distributed computingmodule running on a first node in the cluster further comprises movingthe job definition file of a first job in the queue from the pendingjobs directory to the host directory corresponding to the first nodewhen the respective distributed computing module draws the job from thequeue thereby preventing other nodes in the cluster from taking thefirst job.

In some embodiments, the procedure executed by the distributed computingmodule further comprises executing the first job on the first node,tracking progress of the first job, tracking resource utilization of thefirst job while the first job is executing, and reporting on theresource utilization of the first job. In some embodiments, theprocedure executed by the distributed computing module of the first nodefurther comprises installing a software application on the first nodethat is capable of executing a job in the queue. In some embodiments,the above-described first node in the cluster has an operating systemand the procedure executed by the distributed computing module on thefirst node further comprises altering a parameter of the operatingsystem. In some embodiments, the first procedure further comprisesconfiguring access for the first node to an authentication mechanism(e.g., a lightweight directory access protocol mechanism). In someembodiments, the procedure executed by the distributed computing moduleon the first node further comprises configuring a network resource. Insome embodiments, the installed distributed computing module on thefirst node configures the first node in accordance with a continuousintegration/continuous deployment tool. In some embodiments, thedistributed computing module is acquired by each node in the first oneor more nodes from a file system that is shared by the cluster prior toinstalling a distributed computing module on each node in the one ormore nodes.

Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a computing systemcomprising one or more processors and a memory. The memory stores one ormore programs for execution by the one or more processors. The one ormore programs singularly or collectively comprise instructions forexecuting a method. In the methods, for a plurality of jobs in a queue,where each respective job in the plurality of jobs is associated with atimestamp that indicates when the respective job was submitted to thequeue and specifies one or more node resource requirements, a compositecomputer memory requirement and a composite processing core requirementis determined for the plurality of jobs from the one or more noderesource requirements of each job in the plurality of jobs. Further, inthe method, one or more nodes to add to a cluster are identified inorder to satisfy at least a subset of the composite computer memoryrequirement and the composite processing core requirement. Thisidentifying comprises (i) obtaining a current availability score or listprice for each respective node class in a plurality of node classes, and(ii) submitting a request for one or more nodes of a corresponding nodeclass in the plurality of node classes when a demand score for thecorresponding node class either (a) satisfies the current availabilityscore for the corresponding node class by a first threshold amount or(b) satisfies the list price for the corresponding node class. In someembodiments, the request is submitted for one or more nodes of acorresponding node class in the plurality of node classes when a demandscore for the corresponding node class satisfies the currentavailability score for the corresponding node class by a first thresholdamount. In some embodiments, the request is submitted for one or morenodes of a corresponding node class in the plurality of node classeswhen a demand score for the corresponding node class satisfies the listprice for the corresponding node class.

In the method, the one or more nodes is added to the cluster of nodes.In some such embodiments, this adding comprises installing a distributedcomputing module on each respective node in the one or more nodes.

In the methods, each respective node in the one or more nodes is grantedwith a draw privilege. The draw privilege permits the distributedcomputing module of a respective node to draw one or more jobs from theplurality of jobs subject to a constraint that the collective computermemory requirements and processing core requirements of the one or morejobs collectively drawn by a respective node in the cluster of nodesdoes not exceed a number of reservable processing cores and a reservablememory capability of the respective node. In such embodiments, therespective node identifies the one or more jobs by scanning theplurality of jobs in accordance with the draw privilege.

In some embodiments, the submitting the request for one or more nodes ofthe corresponding node class in the plurality of node classes occurswhen the demand score for the corresponding node class satisfies thecurrent availability score for the corresponding node class by the firstthreshold amount. In some such embodiments, the identifying furthercomprises receiving a response to the request, where the responseincludes an acknowledgement and updated current availability score forthe respective node class when the request for the one or more nodes ofthe corresponding node class is accepted, or a declination when therequest for the one or more nodes of the corresponding node class isrejected. In such embodiments, the corresponding node class isblacklisted for a period of time when a declination is received byremoving the node class from the plurality of node classes for theperiod of time. In some such embodiments, the period of time is betweenone half hour and five hours. In some such embodiments, the period oftime is between one hour and four hours. In some such embodiments, theperiod of time is between ninety minutes and three hours.

In some embodiments, identifying the one or more nodes to add to acluster to satisfy at least a subset of the composite computer memoryrequirement and the composite processing core requirement furthercomprises (v) repeating, or performing concurrently, additionalinstances of the submitting (ii) and receiving (iii) until a firstoccurrence of (a) each node class in the plurality of node classes beingconsidered for a request by the submitting (ii) or (b) receiving asufficient number of acknowledgements through instances of the receiving(iii) to collectively satisfy the composite computer memory requirementand the composite processing core requirement of the plurality of jobs.

In some embodiments, the demand score for a respective node class in theplurality of node classes is penalized when the current availabilityscore for the respective node class is within a second threshold amountof an initial demand score for the respective node class.

In some embodiments, the submitting the request for one or more nodes ofthe corresponding node class in the plurality of node classes occurswhen the demand score for the corresponding node class satisfies thelist price for the corresponding node class.

In some embodiments, each respective job in the plurality of jobs isassociated with an originating user identifier, and the method furthercomprises associating the originating user of a first job in theplurality of jobs with all or a portion of the updated currentavailability score of the node class of the respective node that drawsthe first job in the plurality of jobs in the granting step.

In some embodiments, the demand score for the respective node class isdetermined by (i) the number of reservable processing cores of therespective node class, and (ii) the reservable memory capability of therespective node class. In some embodiments, the demand score for therespective node class is further determined by a processor performanceof a reservable processing core of the respective node class.

In some embodiments, at least one node in the one or more nodes is avirtual machine. In some embodiments, the method further comprises rankordering the plurality of node classes prior to the submitting (ii)through a first procedure that comprises determining a respectiveeffective availability score for each respective node class in theplurality of node classes as a function of a ratio of (a) the currentavailability score or list price for the respective node class and (b) acombination of (i) the reservable number of processing cores for therespective node class and (ii) a likelihood of usefulness of therespective node class, where the likelihood of usefulness is determinedby a difference in the current availability score and a demand score forthe respective node class, thereby rank ordering the plurality of nodeclasses into an order. In such embodiments, the identifying the one ormore nodes to add to the cluster to satisfy at least a subset of thecomposite computer memory requirement and the composite processing corerequirement uses the rank order of the plurality of node classes todetermine which node class in the plurality of node classes to submitthe request.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises displaying a summaryof the node cluster, where the node summary comprises, for eachrespective node in the node cluster, how many jobs drawn from the queuethat the respective node is presently executing.

In some embodiments, a job in the plurality of jobs comprises acontainer.

In some embodiments a job in the plurality of jobs comprises anoperating system process.

In some embodiments, the memory further comprises a pending jobsdirectory, and the method further comprises writing a job definitionfile in the pending jobs directory for each respective job in the queue.In some embodiments, the adding further comprises creating a respectivehost directory for each respective node in the one or more nodes therebycreating a plurality of host directories and writing a correspondingnode status file in the corresponding host directory for each respectivenode in the one or more nodes. Further, the method further comprisesupdating a status of each respective node in the cluster by updating thenode status file corresponding to the respective node based upon astatus received from the respective node and moving the job definitionfile of a job in the queue from the pending jobs directory to the hostdirectory corresponding to a respective node in the cluster when therespective node draws the job from the queue. In some embodiments, themethod further comprises running a node clean-up process comprisingchecking a status of each node in the cluster by reading each hostconfiguration in each host directory in the plurality of hostdirectories on a recurring basis, and responsive to determining that arespective node in the cluster has failed to update its status in thehost configuration file corresponding to the respective node within afirst time-out period, moving the job definition file of each respectivejob that is in the host directory corresponding to the respective nodeback into the pending jobs directory thereby adding each said respectivejob back to the queue.

In some embodiments, the status comprises any combination of: a state ofthe corresponding node, a timestamp, a remaining number of reservablenumber of processing cores that is currently available on thecorresponding node, a remaining amount of reservable memory that iscurrently available on the corresponding node, a total number ofreservable number of processing cores that is available on thecorresponding node, a total amount of reservable memory that isavailable on the corresponding node, and an instance identifier for therespective node.

In some embodiments, the cluster is configurable between a permissivestatus and a non-permissive status, and when the cluster is in thepermissive status, the adding the one or more nodes to the cluster ofnodes is permitted, and when the cluster is in the non-permissivestatus, the adding the one or more nodes to the cluster of nodes is notpermitted, and when the cluster is in the non-permissive status and afirst job in the queue has been in the queue for more than apredetermined amount of time, the method further comprises moving thejob definition file of the first job in the queue from the pending jobsdirectory to the host directory corresponding to a respective node inthe cluster that is most likely able to handle the first job andrevoking the draw privilege of the respective node until the respectivenode has completed the first job.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises, responsive todetermining that the cluster does not include a node that has asufficient amount of reservable memory or a sufficient amount ofreservable processing cores to handle a first job in the queue thatrequires the greatest amount of memory or the most number of processingcores, submitting a request for a node that has sufficient amount ofreservable memory or a sufficient amount of reservable processing coresto handle the first job and adding the node to the cluster.

In some embodiments, the cluster is configurable between a permissivestatus and a non-permissive status. Moreover, in such embodiments, themethod further comprises obtaining, on a recurring basis, for eachrespective node in the cluster, a current availability score or listprice of the respective node, computing, on the recurring basis, a totalavailability score for the cluster as a summation of each respectivecurrent availability score or list price of each node in the cluster,allowing the cluster to be in the permissive status when the totalavailability score is less than a first predetermined limiter, andrequiring the cluster to be in the non-permissive status when the totalavailability score exceeds the first predetermined limiter. In suchembodiments when the cluster is in the permissive status, the adding theone or more nodes to the cluster of nodes is permitted, and when thecluster is in the non-permissive status, the adding the one or morenodes to the cluster of nodes is not permitted. In some suchembodiments, the method further comprises revoking the draw privilege ofa node in the cluster when the total availability score exceeds thefirst predetermined limiter and immediately terminating a node in thecluster when the total availability score exceeds a second predeterminedlimiter.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding a respectivejob to the que, where the adding comprises creating an identifier forthe respective job, and creating a job data construct for the respectivejob. In such embodiments, the job data construct comprises theidentifier for the respective job, and any combination of a name of therespective job, an account associated with the respective job, a username of a person submitting the respective job, a timestamp of when thejob was submitted, a timestamp for when the job is drawn by a respectivenode in the cluster of nodes, a timestamp for when the job is completed,an indication of a number of processor cores required by the respectivejob or an amount of memory required by the respective job, an identifierfield for identifying the respective node in the cluster of nodes thatdrew the job, and an exit code that was received upon completion of thejob.

In some embodiments, the one or more node resource requirementscomprises a computer memory requirement and a number of processing coresrequired.

In some embodiments, the installed distributed computing module executesa procedure comprising scanning the queue in accordance with the drawprivilege, thereby identifying the one or more jobs from the queue.

In some embodiments, the computing system further comprises a pendingjobs directory, the method further comprises writing a job definitionfile in the pending jobs directory for each respective job in the queue,and the adding the one or more nodes to the cluster of nodes furthercomprises creating a respective host directory for each respective nodein the one or more nodes thereby creating one or more host directories,and writing a corresponding node status file in the corresponding hostdirectory for each respective node in the one or more nodes. In suchembodiments, the procedure executed by the distributed computing modulefurther comprises: moving the job definition file of a first job in thequeue from the pending jobs directory to the host directory of the nodecorresponding to the first job when the respective distributed computingmodule draws the first job from the queue thereby preventing other nodesin the cluster from taking the first job. In some such embodiments, theprocedure executed by the distributed computing module further comprisesexecuting the first job, tracking progress of the first job, trackingresource utilization of the first job while the first job is executing,and reporting on the resource utilization of the first job.

In some embodiments, the distributed computing module is installed on arespective node in the one or more nodes as an image, and wherein theimage further comprises an operating system. In some such embodiments,the image further comprises instructions for acquiring from a remotelocation one or more programs required to run all or a portion of a jobin the plurality of jobs. In some such embodiments, the remote locationis a file system that is shared by the cluster prior to installing thedistributed computing module on each node in the one or more nodes. Insome embodiments, the image further comprises a software module that isconfigured to execute all or a portion of a job in the plurality ofjobs. In some embodiments, the image further comprises a plurality ofsoftware module, where the plurality of software modules is collectivelyconfigured to execute each a job in the plurality of jobs.

In some embodiments the procedure comprising scanning the queue inaccordance with the draw privilege further comprises providing anupdated current availability score for the respective node class.

Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method comprising, acomputer system comprising one or more processors and a memory, for aplurality of jobs in a queue, where each respective job in the pluralityof jobs is associated with a timestamp that indicates when therespective job was submitted to the queue and specifies one or more noderesource requirements, determining a composite computer memoryrequirement and a composite processing core requirement, for theplurality of jobs, from the one or more node resource requirements ofeach job in the plurality of jobs. Further in the method, a one or morenodes to add to a cluster to satisfy at least a subset of the compositecomputer memory requirement and the composite processing corerequirement is identified. This identifying comprises: (i) obtaining acurrent availability score or list price for each respective node classin a plurality of node classes, and (ii) submitting a request for one ormore nodes of a corresponding node class in the plurality of nodeclasses when a demand score for the corresponding node class (a)satisfies the current availability score for the corresponding nodeclass by a first threshold amount or (b) satisfies the list price forthe corresponding node class. Further in the methods, the one or morenodes is added to the cluster of nodes, where the adding comprisinginstalling a distributed computing module on each respective node in theone or more nodes. Further in the method, each respective node in theone or more nodes is granted with a draw privilege, where the drawprivilege permits the distributed computing module of a respective nodeto draw one or more jobs from the plurality of jobs subject to aconstraint that the collective computer memory requirements andprocessing core requirements of the one or more jobs collectively drawnby a respective node in the cluster of nodes does not exceed a number ofreservable processing cores and a reservable memory capability of therespective node, and where the first node identifies the one or morejobs by scanning the plurality of jobs in accordance with the drawprivilege. In some such embodiments, the submitting the request for oneor more nodes of the corresponding node class in the plurality of nodeclasses occurs when the demand score for the corresponding node classsatisfies the current availability score for the corresponding nodeclass by the first threshold amount. Alternatively, in some suchembodiments, the submitting the request for one or more nodes of thecorresponding node class in the plurality of node classes occurs whenthe demand score for the corresponding node class satisfies the listprice for the corresponding node class.

Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium stored on a computing device, thecomputing device comprising one or more processors and a memory, thememory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or moreprocessors, where the one or more programs singularly or collectivelycomprise instructions for executing a method that encompasses any of theprocesses, procedures or methods disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The implementations disclosed herein are illustrated by way of example,and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanyingdrawings. Like reference numerals refer to corresponding partsthroughout the drawings.

FIG. 1 is an example block diagram illustrating a computing system, inaccordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is an example block diagram illustrating an application server,in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are example block diagrams further illustratingcomponents stored in the memory of an application server, in accordancewith some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, and 4F illustrate example graphical userinterfaces for distributed resource management of computationallyintensive or memory intensive tasks, in accordance with someimplementations of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E, 5F, and 5G collectively provide a flowchart ofprocesses and features of systems and methods for distributed resourcemanagement of computationally intensive or memory intensive tasks inaccordance with some implementations of the present disclosure. In thesefigures, elements in dashed boxes are optional.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example block diagram of a node in accordance withsome embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 illustrates a file structure that is provided in accordance withsome embodiments of the present disclosure.

Like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout theseveral views of the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed are systems, methods and nontransitory computer readable mediafor servicing a job queue of computationally intensive or memoryintensive jobs for the purposes of executing these jobs in a distributedresource environment. Each job has node (computer) resourcerequirements. Composite job memory and processor requirements isdetermined from these requirements. In other words, the memory andprocessor requirements of each of the jobs in the queue is collectivelysummed to arrive at the composite job memory requirements and thecomposite processor requirements of the queue. Nodes that collectivelysatisfy these requirements are identified by obtaining, for eachrespective class of a plurality of node classes: an availability scoreof the respective node class, a number of processers of the respectivenode class, and a memory capability of the respective node class. Usingthis information, a determination is made as to which node class toseek. As part of this determination, a demand score is calculated foreach of the node classes based on the characteristics of each nodeclass.

In some embodiments, the demand score is affected by the current orhistorical price of nodes of the given node class. For instance, in someembodiments, the demand score is penalized by a measure of volatility inthe historical prices of nodes of the given node class. In someembodiments, the demand score is penalized when the current price ofnodes in the node class exceeds a threshold value, either in an absolutesense or normalized against one or more features of the node class suchas the number of reservable processors of the node class. In someembodiments, the demand score for a node class is penalized by anexpected cost of network traffic if node would reside in a differentnetwork than the other nodes of the cluster. A feature of the presentdisclosure is that jobs, even related jobs that use related data, do nothave to run in the same physical datacenter. Thus, some nodes within thecluster may be in a first data center, whereas other jobs in the samecluster may be in a second data center that is geographically separatedfrom the first data center.

A request for nodes of a node class in the plurality of node classes ismade when the demand score for the node class satisfies (e.g., exceeds)the class availability score. An acknowledgement and updatedavailability score is optionally received upon request acceptance, and adeclination is optionally received when the request was denied.Declination is possible even in the case where the node class satisfiedthe class availability score because the class availability score issubject to change on a dynamic basis (e.g., as part of a multi-userbidding process). Thus, even though the demand score may have satisfiedthe original class availability score, and thus a request was sent, thisdoes not guarantee that the request will be accepted because others maybid on nodes of the same node class thereby driving the classavailability score beyond the demand score for that node class.Accordingly, a declination is optionally received upon requestrejection. The submitting and, optionally, the receiving, is performingmultiple times, if needed, until each node class in the plurality ofavailable node classes has been considered for a request or sufficientnumber of nodes to satisfy the composite memory and processorrequirements of the jobs in the queue have been identified. Nodes of thenode classes that are identified through the above process of requestsare added to an existing cluster of nodes. Each node in the cluster hasthe privilege to independently draw jobs from the queue subject to thecollective requirements of the drawn jobs. In other words, a node in thecluster cannot draw more jobs from the queue than it can handle, fromthe perspective of the memory requirements and/or processor requirementsof the drawn jobs.

Now that an overview of improved systems and methods for distributedresource management of computationally intensive or memory intensivetasks has been provided, additional details of systems, devices, and/orcomputers in accordance with the present disclosure are described inrelation to the FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 6.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a computing system 100, inaccordance with some implementations. In some implementations, thecomputing system 100 includes a plurality of nodes 282 (e.g., computingdevices 281-1, . . . , 282-P) forming a cluster 110, a communicationnetwork 104, and one or more application server systems 102.

Referring to FIG. 1, in some implementations, an application server 102includes a queue module 244 that facilitates the above identifiedactions. In some implementations, the application server 102 alsoincludes a user profile database 350 for users of the applicationserver. The user profile database stores characteristics of the usersuch as a user identifier and a costs associated with the user forrunning jobs on the computing system 100. In some implementations, theapplication server 102 also includes a summary module 246. The summarymodule 246 is used to provide summary statistics regarding jobs run onthe computing system 100 as disclosed in further detail below.

In some implementations, the communication network 104 interconnects oneor more nodes 282 with each other, and with the one or more applicationserver systems 102. In some implementations, the communication network104 optionally includes the Internet, one or more local area networks(LANs), one or more wide area networks (WANs), other types of networks,or a combination of such networks.

Referring to FIG. 1, in some implementations, an application serversystem 102 includes a queue module 246, a user profile database 350, aqueue 248 comprising a plurality of job definitions 250, interchangeablyreferred to herein as (jobs), a list of available node classes 288, afailed jobs directory 294, and/or a succeeded jobs directory 290. Insome embodiments, the queue module 246 services the jobs 250 in thequeue using the available nodes 282 in accordance with the methodsdisclosed herein. Typically, a job 250 is a computational task thatrequires one or more processing cores and an amount of reservablecomputational memory to perform. In some embodiments, databaseequivalents are used for the failed jobs directory and succeeded jobsdirectory.

In some embodiments, a job 250 requires at least one processing core tobe performed. In some embodiments, a job 250 requires at least two,three, four, five, or six processing cores to be performed. Referring toFIG. 6, which discloses a node 282, a processing core is a processingunit of a central processing unit 610 that receives a set ofinstructions within a job 250 and performs calculations, or actions,based on those instructions. The set of instructions allow the job toperform one or more specific functions, such as the assembly of anucleic acid sequence from a plurality of nucleic acid contigs. Somecentral processing units 610 have multiple processing cores, each ofwhich can independently receive a set of instructions and thus each ofwhich can concurrently service an independent job 250. In someembodiments, a node 282 has one or more central processing units 610,each of which has one or more processing cores. In the presentdisclosure, the term “processing core” and “thread” are usedinterchangeably.

In accordance with the systems and methods of the present disclosure,computing system 100 track jobs 250 in a queue, matches current loaddemand of the queue 248 with a cluster of nodes 282, each of which hasthe privilege to draw jobs 250 from the queue. In some embodiments, jobsthat fail are moved to a failed jobs directory 294 whereas jobs that aresuccessfully completed are moved to a succeeded jobs directory 290.

In some embodiments, queue module 246 maintains a profile in the userprofile database 350 of each user that makes use of the queue module244. In some embodiments, there are tens, hundreds, or thousands ofusers of the queue module 244 and the queue module 244 stores a profilefor each such user in the user profile database 350. In someembodiments, the user profile database 350 does not store an actualidentity of such users, but rather a simple login and password. In someembodiments, the profiles in the user profile database 350 are limitedto the logins and passwords of users. In some embodiments, the profilesin user profile database 350 comprises user logins, passwords, andcurrent balances in terms of computing system 100 resources used, and anidentification of the jobs submitted by the user and their current task(in queue, completed, running, failed, etc.).

FIG. 2 is an example block diagram illustrating an application server102, in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.It has one or more central processing units (CPU's) 210, memorycontroller 292, a network or other communications interface 220, amemory 207 (e.g., random access memory), a user interface 214, the userinterface 214 including a display 216 and input 218 (e.g., keyboard,keypad, touch screen, mouse, track ball, communications port, etc.), oneor more communication busses 222 for interconnecting the aforementionedcomponents, and a power system 212 for powering the aforementionedcomponents.

Memory 207 optionally includes high-speed random access memory andoptionally also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or moremagnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or othernon-volatile solid-state memory devices. Access to memory 207 by othercomponents of application server 102, such as CPU(s) 210 is, optionally,controlled by memory controller 292.

The one or more processors 210 run or execute various software programsand/or sets of instructions stored in memory 207 to perform variousfunctions for application server 102 and to process data.

Examples of networks 104 include, but are not limited to, the World WideWeb (WWW), an intranet, a wired network, and/or a wireless network, suchas a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN)and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wirelesscommunication. In some embodiments the communication is wireless, andthe wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality ofcommunications standards, protocols and technologies, including but notlimited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced DataGSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA),high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO),HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), nearfield communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access(W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multipleaccess (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a,IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ax, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol fore-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post officeprotocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging andpresence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for InstantMessaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messagingand Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or anyother suitable communication protocol, including communication protocolsnot yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the application server 102 preferablycomprises an operating system 240 (e.g., iOS, DARWIN, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX,OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks), whichincludes various software components and/or drivers for controlling andmanaging general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage devicecontrol, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication betweenvarious hardware and software components. The application server 102further optionally comprises a file system 242 which may be a componentof the operating system 240, for managing files stored or accessed bythe application server 102. Further still, the application server 102further comprises a queue module 244 for servicing a job queue 248 ofcomputationally intensive or memory intensive jobs 250 for the purposesof executing these jobs in a distributed resource environment (e.g., oncomputing system 100). In some embodiments, the queue module 244comprises a communications sub-module (or instructions) for connectingthe application server 102 with other devices (e.g., the nodes 282) viaone or more network interfaces 220 (wired or wireless), and/or thecommunication network 104 (FIG. 1).

In some implementations, referring to FIGS. 2, 3A, and 3B, the memory207 or alternatively the non-transitory computer readable storage mediumfurther stores the following programs, modules and data structures, or asubset thereof:

-   -   the queue module 248 described above, which includes a job        definition 250 for each job, each such job definition comprising        any combination of a job identifier 252, a job name 254, an        account associated with the job 256, a user name 258 of the        submitter of the job, a timestamp 260 of when the job was        submitted to the queue 248, a timestamp 262 of when the job was        drawn by a node 282 in the cluster 110, a timestamp 264 of when        the job was completed by the cluster 110, a number 266 of        processing cores required by the job, a memory required by the        job 268, a job script and/or algorithm 269, a node identifier        270 that indicates which node 282 in the cluster 110 has drawn        the job or completed the job, and/or a job exit code 272 which        is assigned to the job by the node 282 upon completion of the        job;    -   one or more epics 274, each respective epic optionally        representing a period of time, and each respective epic        indicating an amount of node 282 resources needed by the queue        248 during the epic (e.g., in terms of a composite computer        memory requirement 276 summed across one or more jobs in the        queue, in terms of a composite processor core requirement 278        summed across one more jobs in the queue, etc.);    -   a representation of a cluster 110, the representation including        for each respective node a node definition 282, the node        definition including a node class 284 of the respective node, a        node identifier 286 that uniquely identifies the respective node        and, optionally, a corresponding node host directory 320 that        includes a node status file 322 for the respective node, the        node status file 322 includes for each state entry 324 of a        plurality of state entries made for the respective node over        time, a timestamp 326, a remaining number of processing cores        available 328 on the respective node, a remaining amount of        memory available 330 on the respective node, a total number of        processing cores available (irrespective of how many are        currently reserved at the time of the respective state entry)        332 on the respective node, a total amount of reservable memory        334 (irrespective of how much is currently reserved at the time        of the respective state entry), and/or an instance identifier        for the node 270 that uniquely identifies the node;    -   an optional user profile database 350 that includes a user        profile of each user of the computing system 100;    -   a list 288 of available node classes 284, each respective        available node class specifying any combination of a current        availability score 304, a list price 305, a reservable number of        processing cores 306, a reservable memory capability 308, a        geographic location 310, a hardware specification (e.g.,        processor performance) 312, and/or a calculated demand score        314;    -   a succeeded jobs directory 290 that includes the job definition        250 of each respective job that has been completed by the        computing system 100; and    -   a failed jobs directory 294 that includes the job definition 250        and a failed job error report 320 of each respective job that        has failed to be completed by the computing system 100.

In some implementations, one or more of the above identified elementsare stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices,and correspond to a set of instructions for performing a functiondescribed above. The above identified modules or programs (e.g., sets ofinstructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs,procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may becombined or otherwise re-arranged in various implementations. In someimplementations, the memory 207 optionally stores a subset of themodules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, the memory207 may store additional modules and data structures not describedabove. Moreover, in some embodiments the job script/algorithm 269 is notstored in the job definition 250.

FIG. 6 is an example block diagram illustrating a node 282 in accordancewith some implementations of the present disclosure. The node 282typically includes one or more processing units CPU(s) 610 (alsoreferred to as processors), one or more network interfaces 620, memory607, an optional user interface 614 that includes an optional display616 and optional input device 618, and one or more communication buses612 for interconnecting these components, and a power system 613 forpowering these components. The communication buses 612 optionallyinclude circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects andcontrols communications between system components. The memory 607includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM orother random access solid state memory devices and optionally includesnon-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices,optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or othernon-volatile solid state storage devices. The memory 607, oralternatively the non-volatile memory device(s) within the memory 607,comprises a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. In someimplementations, the memory 607 or alternatively the non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium stores the following programs, modulesand data structures, or a subset thereof:

-   -   an operating system 640, which includes procedures for handling        various basic system services and for performing hardware        dependent tasks;    -   optionally, a file system 642 which may be a component of the        operating system 640, for managing files stored or accessed by        the node 282;    -   a node identifier 286 that uniquely identifies the node 282;    -   a node class 284 that specifies the class of the node 282;    -   a geographic location 690 of the node 282;    -   reservable memory 644 for storing data and programs to be        executed on the node 282-1    -   a job management module 646, stored in the reservable memory        644, for receiving privileges to draw one or more jobs 250 from        the queue 248, and to monitor the status of these jobs as they        execute on the respective node, and to provide state entries 324        for the node status file 322 corresponding to the node;    -   one or more jobs 250, stored in the reservable memory, the one        or more jobs 250 being drawn from the queue 248 in accordance        with the methods detailed in the present disclosure; and    -   one or more chunks 40, each of which is associated with a job        drawn by the job management module 646 from the queue 248.

In some implementations, one or more of the above identified elementsare stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices,and correspond to a set of instructions for performing a functiondescribed above. The above identified modules or programs (e.g., sets ofinstructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs,procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may becombined or otherwise re-arranged in various implementations. In someimplementations, the memory 607 optionally stores a subset of themodules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, the memory607 may store additional modules and data structures not describedabove.

Although FIGS. 2 and 3 show an “application server 102” and FIG. 6 showsa node 282, these figures are intended more as functional description ofthe various features which may be present in the computing system 100than as a structural schematic of the implementations described herein.In practice, and as recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art,items shown separately could be combined and some items could beseparated.

FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, and 4F illustrate example graphical userinterfaces 400 provided by the summary module 246 in accordance withsome implementations of the present disclosure that is provided by thesummary module. For instance, referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, thegraphical user interface 400 provides details on the cluster 110 duringa given epic 274, including the number of nodes 282 that are in thecluster 110, and the node class 284 of these nodes, the number of users404 that have submitted jobs 250 to the computing system 100, and foreach such user, the number of jobs 250 they have submitted, the numberof processing cores (threads) they are presently using, the amount ofmemory they are presently using, and the cost per hour they areincurring. The graphical user interface 400 further provides details onhow many jobs are in the queue 248. In some embodiments, the summarymodule 246 can report detailed statistics showing how much money wasspent by various users or by various kinds of jobs. In some embodiments,the summary module 246 can also calculate the amount of money that waswasted on nodes 282 that were included in the cluster but were not used.See, for example, FIG. 4E.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method for distributed resourcemanagement of computationally intensive or memory intensive tasks usingthe computing system 100 in accordance with some implementations.Referring to block 502 of FIG. 5A, in some implementations, a computingsystem 100 is provided that comprises one or more processors 210 andmemory 207. The memory 207 stores one or more programs for execution bythe one or more processors. The one or more programs singularly orcollectively comprising instructions for executing a method for a firstepic 274 in a plurality of epics. Referring to block 504, in someembodiments, the epic 274 is a predetermined amount of time (e.g., aregular or irregular interval of time). In some embodiments, an epic isa regular interval of time (e.g., one second, 10 seconds, one minute, 5minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, one hour, four hours, etc.) meaningthat upon occurrence of this regular interval of time one epic 274 iscompleted and another epic begins. In some embodiments, an epicrepresents a time when the queue 248 is interrogated and there is noregular interval of time between a first epic 274, in which the queue248 is interrogated a first time, and a subsequent second epic 274, inwhich the queue 248 is interrogated a second time.

Referring to block 506 a first plurality of jobs 250 are identified inthe queue 248. To this end, each respective job 250 in the firstplurality of jobs is associated with a timestamp 260 that indicates whenthe respective job was submitted to the queue and specifies one or morenode resource requirements (e.g. processing cores required 266/memoryrequired 268) associated with the job. For instance, an example job inthe queue has a timestamp 260 that indicates it has been in the queue248 for five minutes, and specifies that it requires four threads (fourprocessing cores) and 1 gigabyte of memory (e.g., random access memory).

Referring to block 508 of FIG. 5A, in some embodiments a first job inthe first plurality of jobs corresponds to a chunk 40 in a plurality ofchunks. In distributed computing, a chunk is a set of data (e.g., asub-set of rows of a matrix) which is sent to a processor forprocessing. Thus, in such embodiments, the first job is assigned toprocess the chunk 40 in accordance with a script or algorithm 269associated with the job 250. For instance, the script or algorithm 269may include one or more computer programs that direct a node to performone or more sparse matrix multiplication operations on data within thechunk 40. In some embodiments, the script or algorithm 269 directs anode processing core to perform more than one million or more processoroperations (e.g., floating point operations, etc.) to complete thescript or algorithm 269. In some embodiments, the script or algorithm269 is one or more compiled computer programs. In some embodiments, thescript or algorithm 269 is one or more uncompiled computer programs thatare executed using an interpreter program on the node. In someembodiments, the script or algorithm 269 directs a plurality ofprocessing cores (e.g., 2 cores, 4 cores, etc.) to each perform morethan one million or more processor operations to complete the script oralgorithm 269. In some embodiments, the script or algorithm 269 directsone or more processing cores to perform more than one billion or morethan one trillion processor operations to complete the script oralgorithm 269. In some embodiments, the script or algorithm 269 directsone or more processing cores to perform more than 1×10⁷, more than1×10⁸, more than 1×10⁹, or more than 1×10¹⁰ processor operations tosuccessfully complete the script or algorithm 269. In some embodiments,the one or more node 282 resource requirements comprises a computermemory requirement 268 and a number of processing cores 266 requirement.In some such embodiments, the amount of the computer memory requirement268 is determined by a size of a chunk 40 that has been assigned to thejob 250. In some such embodiments, processing cores requirement (numberof processing cores required to perform the job 250) 266 is determinedby an amount of processing resource needed for processing the chunk.

Referring to block 510, in a specific embodiment, the one or more noderesource requirements comprises a computer memory requirement 276 and anumber of processing cores required 278 to complete the job.

Turning to block 511, in some embodiments a job in the plurality of jobsis a container. A container is a stand-alone, executable package ofsoftware that includes everything needed to run the software includecode, runtime, system tools, system libraries, and settings. Standardsexist for dividing applications into distributed containers. Breakingapplications up in this way offers the ability to place portions of suchapplications on different physical and virtual machines. Thisflexibility offers advantages around workload management and providesthe ability to easily make fault-tolerant systems. One such standard forputting applications into containers is Docker (See, the Internet atdocker.com), an open-source project that provides a way to automate thedeployment of applications inside software containers. Another standardfor placing applications into containers is Rocket (CoreOS, SanFrancisco, Calif.) (See, the Internet at coreos.com).

Continuing to refer to block 511, in some embodiments a job in theplurality of jobs is a process. As used in this context, a process is aninstance of a computer program that is being executed or about to beexecuted. The process contains the program code and its current activity(if it is executing). Depending on the operating system of the node 282that a given process will run on, the process may be made up of multiplethreads of execution that execute instructions concurrently.

Turning to block 512, in a given epic 274, a composite computer memoryrequirement and a composite processing core requirement is determinedfor a first plurality of jobs in the queue 248. This is done byevaluating the resource requirements of each job in the first pluralityof jobs. In some embodiments, such an evaluation of the jobs occurs whena difference between the timestamp 260 of an oldest job in the queue 248and the onset of the first epic 274 exceeds a time threshold. Forexample, in the case where the first epic is deemed to begin when thequeue is polled for jobs 250 the job having the oldest timestamp 260 isidentified. If the delta between the present polling time and thisoldest timestamp 260 exceed a time threshold, then block 512 is invokedin order to assess the composite computer memory requirement and acomposite processing core requirement, for the first plurality of jobs,from the one or more node resource requirements of each job in the firstplurality of jobs. An example time threshold is one minute. In such anexample, where the first epic is deemed to begin when the queue ispolled, if the delta between the present polling time and the oldesttimestamp 260 exceeds one minute, then block 512 is invoked in order toassess the composite computer memory requirement and/or a compositeprocessing core requirement, for the first plurality of jobs. In otherexamples, the time threshold is five minutes, fifteen minutes, 30minutes, or an hour. In still other examples, the time threshold is seton a dynamic or application dependent basis. In some embodiments, suchtimestamps are not used and, rather, the composite requirements of thequeue are determined based on the jobs in the queue, irrespective of howlong the jobs have been in the queue.

Referring to block 514 of FIG. 5A, in some specific nonlimiting exampleembodiments, each difference between the respective timestamp of acorresponding job in the first plurality of jobs and the onset of thefirst epic exceeds the time threshold. That is to say, in order to bepart of the first plurality of jobs, in such embodiments, a respectivejob must have a timestamp 260 that predates the onset of the first epicby the time threshold. For instance, in one example, the time thresholdis five minutes and the first plurality of jobs consists of each job 250that has been waiting in the queue 248 for five minutes or longer.

Referring to block 516, with the first plurality of qualifying jobsidentified, and the composite computer memory requirement and thecomposite processing core requirement therefore determined, it canfurther be determined whether the first plurality of jobs is memorybound (meaning that it will be more difficult or expensive to obtainsufficient nodes to handle the collective memory requirements of theplurality of jobs) or processor bound (meaning that it will be moredifficult or expensive to obtain sufficient nodes to handle thecollective processor requirements of the plurality of jobs). With thisdetermination at hand, a first plurality of nodes 282 to add to acluster during the first epic to satisfy at least a subset of thecomposite computer memory requirement and the composite processing corerequirement is identified, with reference to blocks 516 through 540 ofFIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C as discussed in further detail below.

Referring to block 518, in some embodiments, at least one node 282 inthe first plurality of nodes is a virtual machine. A virtual machine(VM) is an emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based oncomputer architectures and provide functionality of a physical computer.Their implementations involve specialized hardware, software, or acombination. In some embodiments, at least one node 282 in the firstplurality of nodes is a system virtual machine (also termed fullvirtualization VMs), which provides a substitute for a real machine. Asystem virtual machine provides the functionality needed to execute anentire operating system. A hypervisor uses native execution to share andmanage hardware, allowing for multiple environments which are isolatedfrom one another, yet exist on the same physical machine. In someembodiments, a hypervisor uses hardware-assisted virtualization,virtualization-specific hardware, primarily from the host CPUs. In someembodiments at least one node 282 in the first plurality of nodes is aprocess virtual machine. A process virtual machines is designed toexecute computer programs in a platform-independent environment. In someembodiments, at least one node 282 in the first plurality of nodes is aphysical computer. In some embodiments, a physical computer is executingtwo or more, three or more, or four or more process virtual machines,each of which is considered a node 282. In some embodiments, each node282 is an independent physical computer as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 6.In some embodiments, the plurality of nodes 282 in the cluster comprises2 or more nodes 282, 3 or more nodes 282, 5 or more nodes 282, 10 ormore nodes 282, 100 or more nodes 282, or 1000 or more nodes 282.Examples of platforms that include virtual machines that can serve asnodes 282 include, but are not limited to MICROSOFT AZURE (see theInternet at azure.microsoft.com/en-us/overview/what-is-azure/) andGOOGLE Compute Engine (see the Internet at cloud.google.com/products/).

Referring block 522 of FIG. 5B, in some embodiments, the first pluralityof nodes that is added during the first epic 274 to an existing cluster110 comprises one or more nodes of a first node class 284 and one ormore nodes of a second node class 284 in the plurality of node classes.For instance, the first node class is associated with a different numberof reservable processing cores or a different amount of reservablememory than the second node class. Thus, in such embodiments, theidentifying of block 516 is not limited to identifying nodes for thefirst plurality of nodes that are all the same. In such embodiments, theidentifying of block 516 can select nodes of different node classes toprovide for the composite computer memory requirements and/or compositeprocessing core requirements, for the first plurality of jobs. It willbe appreciated that, in typical embodiments, prior to the first epic,the cluster 110 will already include one or more nodes 282 and that thefirst plurality of nodes that is identified for the first epic is to beadded to the one or more nodes 282 that are already in the cluster 110.Typically a first plurality of nodes is added to the cluster when adetermination is made that the jobs in the queue 248 have been waiting athreshold amount of time, as discussed above.

Referring to block 524, in order to identify the first plurality ofnodes to be added for the first epic, there is obtained, for eachrespective node class in a first plurality of node classes: (a) acurrent availability score 304 or a list price 305, (b) a reservablenumber of processing cores, and (c) a reservable memory capability ofthe respective node class. In typical embodiments, this information isobtained from a remote server environment, such as an environment thathosts the nodes 282 of cluster 110.

In some embodiments, the current availability score 304 for a given nodeclass is a cost per hour for using a node of the node class at thecurrent time. In some embodiments, the current availability scoreoperates through a continual public bidding process and thus the currentavailability score for the given node class will fluctuate depending onthe amount of interest in the node class presented by other bidders fornodes of the given node class. For instance, in times of great demandfor the given node class, the current availability score (e.g., pricesper hour for a node of the given node class) will be larger than intimes of low demand for the given node class.

In some embodiments, node classes are not obtained from a competitiveauction. For instance, in some embodiments, rather than participating ina competitive auction, list prices 305 rather than current availabilityscores 304 are obtained for node classes 284. In some such embodiments,these list prices 305 are obtained through the “List price” market suchas the Amazon's reserved instances. See for example, the Internet ataws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/reserved-instances/, which is herebyincorporated by reference.

As noted above, the obtaining procedure of block 524 further obtains thereservable number of processing cores and reservable memory capabilityof the respective node class.

Referring to block 526, in some embodiments, a request for one or morenodes 250 of a corresponding node class in the first plurality of nodeclasses is made when a demand score for the corresponding node classsatisfies the current availability score for the corresponding nodeclass by a first threshold amount. In some embodiments, where theevaluation of the composite computer memory requirement and thecomposite processing core requirement suggests that the first pluralityof jobs is memory bound, only the composite computer memory requirementis considered when computing this demand score. In some embodiments,where the evaluation of the composite computer memory requirement andthe composite processing core requirement suggests that the firstplurality of jobs is processor bound, only the composite computerprocessor requirement is considered when computing this demand score. Insome embodiments, referring to block 528 and FIG. 3A, the calculateddemand score 314 for the respective node class 284 is determined by (i)the number of reservable processing cores 306 of the respective nodeclass 284 and (ii) the reservable memory capability 308 of therespective node class.

In some embodiments, where the evaluation of the composite computermemory requirement and the composite processing core requirementsuggests that the first plurality of jobs is processor bound, thecalculated demand score 314 for the respective node class 284 isdetermined by the number of reservable processing cores 306 of therespective node class 284 and not the reservable memory capability 308of the respective node class.

In some embodiments, where the evaluation of the composite computermemory requirement and the composite processing core requirementsuggests that the first plurality of jobs is memory bound, thecalculated demand score 314 for the respective node class 284 isdetermined by the reservable memory capability 308 of the respectivenode class and not the number of reservable processing cores 306 of therespective node class 284.

Referring to block 530 of FIG. 5B, in some embodiments, the demand score314 for the respective node class 284 is further determined by aprocessor performance of a reservable processing core of the respectivenode class 284. For instance, higher speed or higher performanceprocessors positively influences the calculated demand score 314,whereas lower speed or lower performance processors negatively influencethe calculated demand score 314 in some embodiments.

Referring to block 534 of FIG. 5B, and also referring to FIG. 6, in someembodiments each job 250 in the first plurality of jobs corresponds to achunk 40 in a plurality of chunks. Further, a dataset that includes theplurality of chunks is associated with a first data center at a firstgeographic location 690. The first data center physically houses a firstsubset of the first plurality of node classes. The demand score 314 fora respective node class 284 is further determined by whether therespective node class 284 is in the first data center (geographiclocation 690) or a data center other than the first data center. Thatis, a premium is added to the demand score 314 when the chunk 40 and thenode class 284 are at the same geographic location 690 in suchembodiments because any respective job 250 running on the node class 284that is at the same geographic location 690 as the chunk 40 needed forthe respective job 250 will be able to access the chunk 40 faster than arespective job running on a node class 284 that is associated with adifferent geographic location than its corresponding chunk 40.Correspondingly, a penalty is imposed on the demand score 314 when thechunk 40 and the node class 284 are at different geographic locations690 in such embodiments.

Referring to block 534 of FIG. 5B, in some embodiments, the demand score314 for a respective node class 284 in the first plurality of nodeclasses is penalized when the current availability score 304 for therespective node class 284 is within a second threshold amount of aninitial demand score 314 for the respective node class. This secondthreshold amount is different than the first threshold amount and isused in instances where the calculated demand score 314 is very close to(within the second threshold amount of) the currently availability score304. In such situations, the risk that the current availability score304 will go over budget after jobs 250 are initiated on nodes 282 of thenode class 284 associated with the current availability score 304 becomeappreciable, particularly if other users bid up the current availabilityscore 304 for the node class. Thus, to prevent such situations,embodiments in accordance with block 534 impose a penalty on the demandscore 314 when it is close to the current availability score 304.

As noted above, with respect to block 526, in some embodiments a requestfor one or more nodes of a corresponding node class 284 in the firstplurality of node classes is made when a demand score 314 for thecorresponding node class satisfies the list price 305 for thecorresponding node class. In some such embodiments, current availabilityscores 304 are not used to make a request. In some such embodiments,current availability scores 304 are used. That is, in such embodiments,a request for one or more nodes of a corresponding node class 284 in thefirst plurality of node classes is made either (i) when a demand score314 for the corresponding node class satisfies the current availabilityscore 304 for the corresponding node class by a first threshold amountor (ii) when a demand score 314 for the corresponding node classsatisfies the list price 305 for the corresponding node class.

Referring to block 536 of FIG. 5C, with the currently availabilityscores 304 and/or list prices 305 and calculated demand scores 314 inhand for each node class 284 in the list of available node classes 288,in some embodiments, the first plurality of node classes 284 (list ofavailable node classes 288) is rank ordered prior to submitting arequest for nodes 250 of a certain node class 284. In some embodiments,this rank ordering is accomplished by a first procedure that comprisesdetermining a respective effective availability score for eachrespective node class 284 in the first plurality of node classes. Thatis, the node classes in the first plurality of node classes are eachassigned an effective availability score and these effectiveavailability scores are used to rank order the list. Then, nodes inthose node classes at the beginning of the list are requested beforerequesting nodes in node classes lower down in the rank order.

Rank order from low to high. In some embodiments, the rank order is fromlow to high, meaning that respective node classes with lower effectiveavailability scores receive priority, in terms of making node requeststo the respective node classes, than node classes with higher effectiveavailability scores.

In some such embodiments the effective availability score for arespective node class 284 is the ratio between numerator (a) anddenominator (b), where numerator (a) comprises the current availabilityscore 304 for the respective node class 284 and denominator (b)comprises the combination of (i) the reservable number of processingcores for the respective node class 284 and (ii) a likelihood ofusefulness of the respective node class.

In some such embodiments the effective availability score for arespective node class 284 is the ratio between numerator (a) anddenominator (b), where numerator (a) comprises the list price 305 forthe respective node class 284 and denominator (b) is the combination of(i) the reservable number of processing cores for the respective nodeclass 284 and (ii) a likelihood of usefulness of the respective nodeclass.

In some embodiments, the likelihood of usefulness is determined by adifference in the current availability score 304 and a demand score 314for the respective node class. Thus, in such embodiments, the higher thecurrent availability score 304 of a respective node class, the higherthe effective availability score is for the respective node class andthus the lower the priority is to make requests for nodes of therespective node classes. Moreover, in such embodiments, the higher thenumber of reservable processing cores of a respective node class, thelower the effective availability score is for the respective node classand thus the higher the priority is to make requests for nodes of therespective node classes. Moreover, in such embodiments, the lower thelikelihood of usefulness of a respective node class, the higher theeffective availability score is for the respective node class and thusthe lower the priority is to make requests for nodes of the respectivenode classes.

In some embodiments, the likelihood of usefulness is determined by adifference in the list price 305 and a demand score 314 for therespective node class. Thus, in such embodiments, the higher the listprice 305 of a respective node class, the higher the effectiveavailability score is for the respective node class and thus the lowerthe priority is to make requests for nodes of the respective nodeclasses. Moreover, in such embodiments, the higher the number ofreservable processing cores of a respective node class, the lower theeffective availability score is for the respective node class and thusthe higher the priority is to make requests for nodes of the respectivenode classes. Moreover, in such embodiments, the lower the likelihood ofusefulness of a respective node class, the higher the effectiveavailability score is for the respective node class and thus the lowerthe priority is to make requests for nodes of the respective nodeclasses.

Rank order from high to low. In some embodiments, the rank order is fromhigh to low, meaning that respective node classes with higher effectiveavailability scores receive priority, in terms of making node requeststo the respective node classes, than node classes with lower effectiveavailability scores.

In some such embodiments the effective availability score for arespective node class 284 is the ratio between numerator (a) anddenominator (b), where numerator (a) comprises a combination of (i) thereservable number of processing cores for the respective node class 284and (ii) a likelihood of usefulness of the respective node class anddenominator (b) comprises the current availability score 304 for therespective node class 284.

In some such embodiments the effective availability score for arespective node class 284 is the ratio between numerator (a) anddenominator (b), where numerator (a) comprises a combination of (i) thereservable number of processing cores for the respective node class 284and (ii) a likelihood of usefulness of the respective node class anddenominator (b) comprises the list price 305 for the respective nodeclass 284.

In some such embodiments, the likelihood of usefulness is determined bya difference in the current availability score 304 and a demand score314 for the respective node class. Thus, in such embodiments, the higherthe current availability score 304 of a respective node class, the lowerthe effective availability score is for the respective node class andthus the lower the priority is to make requests for nodes of therespective node classes. Moreover, in such embodiments, the higher thenumber of reservable processing cores of a respective node class, thehigher the effective availability score is for the respective node classand thus the higher the priority is to make requests for nodes of therespective node classes. Moreover, in such embodiments, the lower thelikelihood of usefulness of a respective node class, the lower theeffective availability score is for the respective node class and thusthe lower the priority is to make requests for nodes of the respectivenode classes.

In some such embodiments, the likelihood of usefulness is determined bya difference in the list price 305 and a demand score 314 for therespective node class. Thus, in such embodiments, the higher the currentlist price 305 of a respective node class, the lower the effectiveavailability score is for the respective node class and thus the lowerthe priority is to make requests for nodes of the respective nodeclasses. Moreover, in such embodiments, the higher the number ofreservable processing cores of a respective node class, the higher theeffective availability score is for the respective node class and thusthe higher the priority is to make requests for nodes of the respectivenode classes. Moreover, in such embodiments, the lower the likelihood ofusefulness of a respective node class, the lower the effectiveavailability score is for the respective node class and thus the lowerthe priority is to make requests for nodes of the respective nodeclasses.

In some embodiments, rather than using the reservable number ofprocessing cores for the respective node class 284, the amount ofreservable memory of the respective node class 248 is used instead,particularly if the plurality of jobs is memory bound.

Thus, the first plurality of node classes 284 is ranked in an order. Insome such embodiments, this rank order of the first plurality of nodeclasses is used to determine which node class 284 in the first pluralityof node classes to submit a request. Accordingly, requests for nodes ofa given node class are made. In some embodiments, requests for nodes ofmore than one node class are made.

Referring to block 538 of FIG. 5C, a response to a request is received.In some embodiments, the response includes an acknowledgement andupdated current availability score 304 or list price 305 for therespective node class 284 when the request for the one or more nodes 250of the corresponding node class 284 is accepted. Alternatively, theresponse includes a declination when the request for the one or morenodes 250 of the corresponding node class 284 is rejected. In someembodiments, rather than relying on such responses, successful requestsinclude the autonomous installation of the job management module 646 ona respective node, and the job management module 646 alerts the queuemodule 244 of the successful addition to the cluster. For instance, insome embodiments, the queue module 244 of a first node that has beenadded to the queue alerts the queue module 244 of the successfuladdition to the cluster by creating a host directory in the shared filesystem or database hosted by the application server 102 and writing acorresponding node status file in the host directory for the first node.In such embodiments, the job management module 646 updates the status ofthe first node in the cluster by updating the node status filecorresponding to the first node based. In some embodiments thecorresponding node class is blacklisted for a period of time when adeclination is received. In some such embodiments, such blacklistinginvolves removing the node class from the plurality of node classes forthe period of time (e.g., between one half hour and five hours, betweenone hour and four hours, between ninety minutes and three hours, orbetween 10 minutes and one hour).

Through such requests and optional responses, the first plurality ofnodes to add to the cluster 110 of nodes during the first epic 274 isdetermined. For instance, referring to block 540, additional instancesof the submitting a request (block 526) and receiving (block 538) arerepeated or preformed concurrently until a first occurrence of (a) eachnode class 284 in the first plurality of node classes being consideredfor a request by the requesting (block 526) or (b) receiving asufficient number of acknowledgements through instances of the receiving(block 538) to collectively satisfy the composite computer memoryrequirement 376 and the composite processing core requirement 278 of thefirst plurality of jobs. In some embodiments, before the entirety of thecomposite computer memory requirement 376 and the composite processingcore requirement 278 of the first plurality of jobs is satisfied, acollective budget is matched or exceeded by the nodes in the cluster 110and/or by the nodes in the cluster 110 and the nodes that have beenidentified for addition to the cluster. That is, the collective currentavailability score of the nodes in the cluster combined with the currentavailability score of the nodes about to be added to the cluster exceeda collective budget. In some instances, the collective budget is anoverall maximum cost per unit of time that can be expended on the nodes.In such instances, if the collective current availability score of thenodes in the cluster combined with the current availability score of thenodes about to be added to the cluster exceeds the maximum cost per unitof time (e.g., cost per hour), then no further nodes are identified foraddition to the cluster during the present epic even in instances wherethe composite computer memory requirement 376 and the compositeprocessing core requirement 278 of the first plurality of jobs isdetermined to not be satisfied by the nodes identified for addition tothe cluster during the epic. In this way, it is possible to impose anoverall budget (e.g., cost per hour) on cluster 110 that is independentof current user demand, as exhibited by the composite computer memoryrequirement 376 and/or the composite processing core requirement 278 ofthe first plurality of jobs.

Referring to block 542 of FIG. 5C, once the first plurality of nodes hasbeen identified, they are added to the cluster 110 of nodes during thefirst epic. In some embodiments, the addition of the first plurality ofnodes to the cluster comprises installing a distributed computing moduleon each node 282 in the first plurality of nodes. In some embodiments,the addition of the first plurality of nodes to the cluster comprisesinstalling a distributed computing module on at least one node 282 inthe first plurality of nodes.

In some embodiments, the distributed computing module is job managementmodule 646 of FIG. 6. As such, job management module 646 represents anexample of a distributed computing module in accordance with the presentdisclosure.

In some embodiments, the distributed computing module installed on arespective node in the plurality of nodes is an image. In someembodiments the image is a system image meaning that it is a serializedcopy of the entire state of a computer system (node) stored in anon-volatile form such as a file. In some such embodiments the imagecomprises an operating system that is run on a node 282. In someembodiments, the image further comprises instructions for acquiring froma remote location (e.g., from the application server 102) one or moreprograms required to run all or a portion of a job in the plurality ofjobs on a respective node 282. In some such embodiments, the remotelocation is a file system that is shared by the cluster prior toinstalling the distributed computing module on each node in theplurality of nodes.

In some embodiments, the image further comprises a software module thatis configured to execute all or a portion of a job in the plurality ofjobs.

In some embodiments, the image further comprises a plurality of softwaremodules, where the plurality of software modules is collectivelyconfigured to execute each job in the plurality of jobs. In some suchembodiments, the image installed on a node include an operating systemand all the software that will be run on the node in accordance withjobs in the plurality of jobs. In other embodiments, the image installedon a node includes a naive operating system and coordinates access tothe software that is required, e.g., by retrieving such software form aremote location and installing it on the node when the node is taskedwith running a job I the plurality of jobs that needs the software.

Referring to block 544 of FIG. 5D, each respective node 250 in thecluster 110 of nodes is granted a draw privilege. The draw privilegepermits a respective node to draw one or more jobs 250 from the queue248 during the first epic subject to a constraint that the collectivecomputer memory requirements and processing core requirements of the oneor more jobs collectively drawn by a respective node 250 in the cluster110 of nodes does not exceed a number of reservable processing cores anda reservable memory capability of the respective node. For instance, ifthe number of reservable processing cores of the respective node is 4,then the collective processing core requirement of the jobs drawn by therespective node must be 4 or less. As an example, if a first jobrequires 1 thread, a second job requires 3 threads, and a third jobrequires 5 threads, and the number of reservable processing cores of therespective node is 4, the respective node can draw the first and secondjobs, but not the third job. This example illustrates a feature of thesystems and methods of the present disclosure: a node in the cluster 110of nodes can draw more than one job from the queue for concurrentexecution on the node (e.g., during the first epic).

Referring to block 546, in some embodiments respective node 282 in thecluster 110 that has the draw privilege draws a job 250 from the queue248 when the respective node 282 has an availability of reservablememory and reservable processing cores by reserving the job in the queuewith the oldest timestamp 260 subject to the constraint that the job 250can be handled by the available reservable memory and reservableprocessing cores of the respective node. In some embodiments, each nodethat has such draw privileges independently draws nodes from the queue.In some embodiments, such draw requests occur on a randomized basis.That is, each node makes recurring, but nonperiodic draw requests. Insome embodiments, the nonperiodic time period is generated using arandom number generator. In this way, the load of draw requests isevenly distributed across the nodes in the cluster 110.

In some embodiments, for a first node 282 in the first plurality ofnodes, the installed distributed computing module executes a procedurecomprising scanning the queue in accordance with the draw privilege,thereby identifying the one or more jobs from the queue. In someembodiments, the computing system comprises a pending jobs directorythat is shared by all the nodes 282 in the cluster. For instance, thejobs directory is hosted by application server 102. In such embodiments,a job definition file is written in the pending jobs directory for eachrespective job in the queue. Further, in such embodiments, the additionof a respective node to the cluster comprises creating a correspondinghost directory for the respective node and writing a corresponding nodestatus file in the corresponding host directory for the respective node.In some such embodiments, the distributed computing module (e.g. jobmanagement module 646) of a first node moves the job definition file ofa first job in the queue from the pending jobs directory to the hostdirectory corresponding to the first node when the respectivedistributed computing module draws the job from the queue for executionon the first node thereby preventing other nodes in the cluster fromtaking the job.

In some embodiments, the distributed computing module (e.g., jobmanagement module 646) running on a respective node further comprisesexecuting one or more jobs 250 on the respective node, tracking progressof the one or more job 250, tracking resource utilization of the one ormore jobs while the one or more jobs are executing, and reporting to theapplication server 102 on the resource utilization of the one or morejob. In some embodiments, the distributed computing module (e.g., jobmanagement module 646) running on a respective node further comprisesinstalling one or more software applications on the respective node thatare capable of executing the one or more jobs the distributed computingmodule reserves for the respective node from the queue.

In some embodiments, a respective node 282 includes an operating systemand the distributed computing module (e.g., job management module 646)alters, adjusts, or changes one or more parameters of the operatingsystem. For instance, in some embodiments, a respective node 282includes an operating system and the distributed computing module (e.g.,job management module 646) alters, adjusts, or changes one or morekernel parameters of the operating system, such as shmmax (the maximumsize, in bytes, of a single shared memory segment), shmmni (how manyshared memory segments can be on the node), shmall, shmmin (the minimumsize, in bytes, of a single shared memory segment), shmseg (the maximumnumber of shared memory segments that can be attached by a singleprocess), semmsl, semmns, semopm, semmni, file-max, ip_local_port_rangeor shmmns (the amount of shared memory that can be allocated node widefor the jobs), See, for example, the Internet ataccess.redhat.com/documentation, which is hereby incorporated byreference, for information on Linux kernel parameters. In someembodiments, the distributed computing module (e.g., job managementmodule 646) on a respective node 282 configures access for respectivenode to an authentication mechanism such as a lightweight directoryaccess protocol mechanism. For example information on lightweightdirectory access protocol mechanism, see the Internet aten.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol, which ishereby incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the distributedcomputing module (e.g., job management module 646) on a respective node282 configures a network resource (shared resource) such as one or morepublically available database, one or more databases that are shared bythe cluster of nodes, one or more file systems that are shared by thecluster of nodes, one or more hardware devices that can be accessed byindividual nodes of the cluster (e.g., printers, scanners, measurementdevices) through the use of shared connection. In some embodiments, thedistributed computing module (e.g., job management module 646) on arespective node 282 in the cluster configures the respective node inaccordance with a continuous integration/continuous deployment tool suchAnsisble. See, for example, the Internet atansible.com/application-deployment, which is hereby incorporated byreference. In some embodiments, the distributed computing module (e.g.,job management module 646) is acquired by each node 282 in the firstplurality of nodes from a file system that is shared by the cluster(e.g., stored in memory 207) prior to installing the distributedcomputing module (e.g., job management module 646) on each node 282 inthe plurality of nodes.

Thus, a method of distributed computing has been disclosed withreference to blocks 502 through 546. What follows are additionalfeatures that are found in some embodiments of the present disclosure.Towards this end, referring to block 548, in some embodiments, eachrespective job 250 in the first plurality of jobs is associated with anoriginating user identifier 258. In such embodiments, the method furthercomprises associating the originating user 258 of a first job in thefirst plurality of jobs with all or a portion of the updated currentavailability score 304 or list price 305 of the node class 284 of therespective node that draws the first job in the first plurality of jobs.In this way, it is possible to track the computational resources thathave been used by a given user 258. FIG. 4F illustrates. For eachrespective user 258 across a query period, summary module 246 canprovide the number of jobs the user submitted 420 during the queryperiod, the job hours 422 consumed during the query period, the reservedjob hours 424 made during the query period, the CPU hours 428 expendedduring the query period, the CPU utilization 428 during the queryperiod, the amount of memory reserved during the query period(expressed, for example, as reserved gigabyte-hours 430), the amount ofmemory used during the query period (expressed, for example, as usedgigabyte-hours 432), and the memory utilization 434 during the queryperiod.

Referring to block 550 of FIG. 5D, in some instances, a job 250 reserves(specifies) an entirety of the reservable memory or an entirety of thereservable processing cores of the respective node 282 that it is runon. In such instances, the associating of block 548 associates theoriginating user 258 with all of the updated current availability score304 or list price 305 of the node class 284 of the respective node. Thisis because the originating user is using the entirety of the reservablecomputational resources of the node 282. Alternatively, referring toblock 552, in other instances, a job 250 reserves a fraction of thereservable memory or a fraction of the reservable processing cores ofthe respective node 282 that it is run on. In such instances, theassociating of block 548 associates the originating user 258 with acorresponding fraction of the updated currently availability score 304of the node class 284 of the respective node 282. This is because theoriginating user is using a fraction of the reservable computationalresources of the node 282.

Blocks 502 through 552 have discussed what takes place in a single epic274 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.However, system 100 is active over several epics. At the completion ofone epic 274, another epic 274 begins. Each epic 274 generally includesthe same processes of queue inspection, load determination, and nodereservation, disclosed above in relation to blocks 2 through 252.However, it is not always the case that additional nodes will be addedto the cluster 110 during an epic 274. For instance, referring to block556, in some embodiments, for a second epic in the plurality of epicsoccurring immediately after the first epic: responsive to identifyingfewer jobs 250 in the queue 248 than can be serviced by the cluster 110,a privilege of one or more nodes 282 in the cluster to draw further jobsfrom the queue is terminated. This is because the cluster 110 is deemedto have excess computational resources, from both a memory-bound andprocessor-bound perspective. Thus, in order to lower the overall cost ofthe computing system, some nodes 282 are released from the cluster 110.In some embodiments, such nodes are released from the cluster only afterthey have completed any remaining jobs. In some embodiments, such nodesare released from the cluster immediately before completing anyremaining jobs.

Block 556 illustrates the embodiment, where, for a second epic 274 inthe plurality of epics occurring before the first epic, an updatedcurrent availability score 304 is obtained for each node class 284 forone or more nodes 282 in the cluster. Responsive to determining that theupdated current availability score 304 for a respective node class 284exceeds a first limiter, a privilege of each node 282 in the cluster ofthe respective node class 284 to draw jobs from the queue 284 isterminated. This embodiment, for example, handles situations in whichthe current availability score has been determined to exceeds a certaincost per unit of time (e.g., cost per hour). In some embodiments, thefirst limiter is the calculated demand score 314 discussed above. Insome embodiments, the first limiter is some function of the demand score314 discussed above, such as 1.2 times the demand score 314 (e.g.,current availability score 304 is allowed to drift up over time so longas it does not exceed 1.2 times the original demand score 314. In someembodiments, the first limiter is 1.1 times the original demand score314, 1.2 times the original demand score 314, between 1.05 and 3.00times the original demand score 314, or some other limiter that servesto ensure that nodes will be removed from the cluster when their currentavailability score starts to exceed the original price that was offeredfor the nodes. It will be appreciated that once a node starts to drawjobs from the cluster, it is worthwhile to allow the node to completesuch jobs. Thus, provided the current availability score of the nodedoes not exceed the first limiter, the node is allowed to continue todraw jobs from the queue.

Block 558 of FIG. 5D represents the situation in which the currentavailability score in a given epic has risen beyond a second limiter,where the second limiter represent a certain cost that warrantsimmediate termination of the node in order to enforce and maintain theoverall budget for the computing system 100. In block 558, responsive todetermining that the updated current availability score 304 for arespective node class 284 exceeds a second limiter, the queue module 244immediately terminate each node 282 in the cluster 110 of the respectivenode class 284 from the cluster 110. This occurs before the respectivenodes that are so terminated have a chance to complete the jobs thatthey are running.

Referring to block 560 of FIG. 5E, in some embodiments, the disclosedsystems and methods display a summary of the node cluster 110 during agiven epic 274. In some embodiments, summary module 246 provides thisnode summary. In some embodiments, the node summary specifies, for eachrespective node in the node cluster, how many jobs drawn from the queuethat the respective node is presently executing. Panel 440 of FIG. 4Dillustrates. For each respective node 282 in the node cluster 110, panel440 lists out how many jobs the queue that the respective node ispresently executing 442. As further illustrated in panel 440, in someembodiments, the summary further specifies a current state 325 of therespective node, the instance type 284 of the respective node 282, ahost name 286 of the respective node, the number of thread reserved bythe jobs 250 running on the node, the total number of reservable threads(processing cords) on the node, the amount of memory collectivelyreserved by the jobs 250 running on the node (e.g., in gigabytes of RAMmemory), and the total amount of memory that is reservable on the node(e.g., in gigabytes of RAM memory).

In some embodiments, a file system is used to track jobs 250. Forinstance, referring to block 562 of FIG. 5E, in some embodiments thememory 207 of application server 102 comprises a pending jobs directoryand the method further comprises writing a job definition file 250 inthe pending jobs directory for each respective job in the queue. As usedherein, because the job definition file 250 has a one to onecorrespondence with a unique corresponding job 250, the term “job 250”and “job definition file” is given the same element. It will beappreciated that a job definition file defines a corresponding job.Referring to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the job definition 250includes an account associated with the job 256, a user name 258 of thesubmitter of the job, a timestamp 260 of when the job was submitted tothe queue 248, a timestamp 262 of when the job was drawn by a node 282in the cluster 110, a timestamp 264 of when the job was completed by thecluster 110, a number 266 of processing cores required by the job, amemory required by the job 268, a job script and/or algorithm 269, anode identifier 270 that indicates which node 282 in the cluster 110 hasdrawn the job or completed the job, and/or a job exit code 272 which isassigned to the job by the node 282 upon completion of the job. In someembodiments, database equivalents are used for the pending jobsdirectory. That is, rather than creating a pending jobs directory, adatabase stores each job definition file in the queue.

Referring to block 564 of FIG. 5E, as well as FIGS. 2 and 3A, in someembodiments, the memory 207 further comprises a succeeded jobs directory290. In such embodiments, the corresponding job definition file 250 ofeach respective job that has been completed by a node 282 in the cluster110 is moved from the to the succeeded jobs directory 290. Inalternative embodiments, database equivalents are used for the succeededjobs directory whereby the corresponding job definition file 250 of eachrespective job that has been completed by a node 282 in the cluster 110is indexed in one or more database data structures as successfully beingcompleted.

Referring to block 566 of FIG. 5E, as well as FIGS. 2 and 3A, in someembodiments, the memory 207 further comprises a failed jobs directory294. In such embodiments, the disclosed systems and methods furthercomprise moving the corresponding job definition file of each respectivejob 250 that has been initiated but unsuccessfully completed by thecluster 110 to the failed jobs directory 294 and writing a correspondingerror report 320 for the respective job to the failed jobs directory294. In alternative embodiments, database equivalents are used for thefailed jobs directory whereby the corresponding job definition file 250of each respective job that has failed is indexed in one or moredatabase data structures as failing.

Block 568. In accordance with block 568, in some embodiments the addingfurther comprises: creating a respective host directory for eachrespective node in the first plurality of nodes thereby creating aplurality of host directories, and writing a corresponding node statusfile in the corresponding host directory for each respective node in thefirst plurality of nodes. The method further comprises: updating astatus of each respective node in the cluster by updating the nodestatus file corresponding to the respective node based upon a statusreceived from the respective node and moving the job definition file ofa job in the queue from the pending jobs directory to the host directorycorresponding to a respective node in the cluster when the respectivenode draws the job from the queue.

Block 570 discloses another embodiment that makes use of a file systemto track jobs 250. In accordance with block 570 of FIG. 5E, and asillustrated in FIG. 3B, a respective host directory 320 is created foreach respective node 282 in the first plurality of nodes that is addedto the queue 248 during the first epic, thereby creating a plurality ofhost directories corresponding to the plurality of first nodes. Further,a corresponding node status file 322 is written in the correspondinghost directory 320 for each respective node 282 in the first pluralityof nodes. In such embodiments, the method further comprises updating astatus of each respective node 282 in the cluster 110 by updating thenode status file 322 corresponding to the respective node 282 based upona status received from the respective node 282. Moreover, when therespective node 282 draws a job 250 from the queue 248, the jobdefinition file 250 of the respective job in the queue is moved from thepending jobs directory to the host directory 320 corresponding to therespective node 282. In alternative embodiments, database equivalentsare used for the host directories, pending directory, pending jobdirectory, and failed jobs directory whereby the corresponding jobdefinition file 250 of each respective job having any of thesecategories is accordingly indexed in one or more database datastructures.

Referring to block 572, of FIG. 5E and as illustrated in FIG. 3A, insome embodiments the memory 207 further comprises a failed jobsdirectory 294. In such embodiments, the disclosed systems and methodfurther comprises, responsive to determining that a respective node 282in the cluster 110 has failed to update its status (e.g., state 325) inthe node status file 322 corresponding to the respective node 282 withina second time-out period, moving the job definition file 250 of eachrespective job 250 that is in the host directory 320 corresponding tothe respective node 282 into the failed jobs directory 292 and removingthe respective node 282 from the cluster. This second time-out period iscalibrated to ensure that if the status is not updated in the statusfile within the second time-out period, there is appreciable confidencethat the corresponding node has become unresponsive to the point whereit is no longer worth the calculated demand score 314.

Referring to block 574 of FIG. 5F, and as further illustrated in FIG.3B, in some embodiments, the status that is written to the node statusfile 322 comprises any combination of a state of the corresponding node324, a timestamp (e.g., state entry timestamp 326), a remaining numberof reservable number of processing cores that is currently available onthe corresponding node 328, a remaining amount of reservable memory thatis currently available on the corresponding node 330, a total number ofreservable number of processing cores that is available on thecorresponding node 332 (some of which may be currently being used byjobs 250), a total amount of reservable memory that is available on thecorresponding node 332 (some of which may be currently being used byjobs 250), and an instance identifier 270 for the respective node. Insome embodiments, summary module 246 (FIG. 2) uses the information inthe node status file 322 is to provide the summary panel 440 of FIG. 4D.

Referring to block 576, in some embodiments the cluster 110 isconfigurable between a permissive status and a non-permissive status.When the cluster 110 is in the permissive status, the adding of nodes ispermitted in accordance with the disclosure presented above (e.g.,blocks 502 through 542). When the cluster is in the non-permissivestatus, the adding is not permitted. In some such embodiments, when thecluster is in the non-permissive status and a first job 250 in the queue248 has been in the queue for more than a predetermined amount of time,the method further comprises: moving the job definition file 250 of thefirst job in the queue 248 from the pending jobs directory to the hostdirectory 320 corresponding to a respective node 282 in the cluster 110that is most likely able to handle the first job first. Moreover, thedraw privilege of the respective node is revoked until the respectivenode has completed the first job. This ensures that the job will getdone. In some embodiments, the

The bidding process disclosed above with reference generally to blocks502 through 578 provides mechanisms for obtaining the best nodes in acluster to match current job demand. However, in some instances, a jobrequires more threads (processing cores) or more memory than isreservable in any one of the existing nodes in the cluster (even in suchnodes had no other jobs running), and moreover, the bidding processdisclosed in blocks 502 through 578 fails to add a node to the queuethat can handle the intensive resource requirements of such a job.Accordingly, referring to block 578 of FIG. 5F, in some embodiments,responsive to determining that the cluster 110 does not include a node282 that has a sufficient amount of reservable memory or a sufficientamount of reservable processing cores to handle a first job in the queue248 that requires the greatest amount of memory or the most number ofprocessing cores: a request for a node 282 that has sufficient amount ofreservable memory or a sufficient amount of reservable processing coresto handle the first job is made and the node is added to the cluster. Inother words, the bidding process described above in which node classesare rank ordered based on effective availability score is bypassed forthis intensive job so that a node 282 that has sufficient reservablememory and/or sufficient reservable processing cores to service the jobis added to the cluster 110.

Referring to block 580 of FIG. 5F, in some embodiments the cluster 110is configurable between a permissive status and a non-permissive status.In such embodiments, the disclosed systems and method further compriseobtaining, on a recurring basis, for each respective node 282 in thecluster 110, a current availability score 304 or list price 305 of therespective node. There is further computed, on the recurring basis, atotal availability score for the cluster as a summation of eachrespective current availability score 304 or list price 305 of each nodein the cluster. In such embodiments, the cluster is permitted to be inthe permissive status when the total availability score is less than afirst predetermined limiter. Moreover, the cluster is required to be inthe non-permissive status when the total availability score exceeds thefirst predetermined limiter in such embodiments. When the cluster is inthe permissive status, the adding, disclosed generally above withreference to blocks 502 through 542 is permitted. When the cluster is inthe non-permissive status, the adding is not permitted. For instance, asan example, in some embodiments the first predetermined limiter is apredetermined cost per unit of hour, such as a predetermined cost perhour. When this global predetermined cost per hour is exceeded by theexisting cluster 110, no further nodes can be added to the cluster untilthe cost per hour of the cluster goes below the global predeterminedcost per hour.

Referring to block 582 of FIG. 5G, in some embodiments of block 580, inthe case where the total availability score exceeds the firstpredetermined limiter, the draw privilege of a node in the cluster isrevoked. Moreover, in the case where the total availability scoreexceeds a second predetermined limiter, a node in the cluster isimmediately terminated from the cluster 110. The first case, where thetotal availability score exceeds the first predetermined limiterwarrants a soft elimination of nodes from the cluster. In this firstcase, the total cost of the cluster is exceeding an allowed value (thefirst predetermined limiter), but not the second predetermined limiter.As such, a node slated for elimination is first allowed to complete itsjobs prior to elimination. The node is not allowed to draw new jobshowever. In the second case, the total cost of the cluster is exceedingan allowed value of the second predetermined limiter. As such, a nodeslated for elimination is required to terminate from the cluster 110immediately without waiting for it to complete its drawn jobs. Thissecond case arises, for example, when the cost for the cluster 110exceeds the second predetermined limiter.

Referring to block 584 of FIG. 5G, and as further illustrates in FIGS. 2and 6, in some embodiments a respective job is added to the queue bycreating an identifier for the respective job, and creating a job dataconstruct (e.g., job definition 250) for the respective job 250. The jobdata construct tracks any combination of the identifier 252 for therespective job, a name 254 of the respective job, an account 256associated with the respective job, a user name 258 of a personsubmitting the respective job, a timestamp of when the job was submitted260, a timestamp for when the job is drawn 262 by a respective node inthe cluster of nodes, a timestamp for when the job is completed 264, anindication of a number of processor cores 266 required by the respectivejob or an amount of memory 268 required by the respective job, anidentifier field 270 for identifying the respective node in the clusterof nodes that drew the job, and an exit code 272 (e.g., terminated witherrors, termination successful, etc.) that was received upon completionof the job.

Example Embodiment

One motivation for the disclosed systems and methods is thatconventional distributed computing environments, such as SGE were notdesigned with cloud computing in mind. In particular, setting up newnodes and removing old or preempted nodes is complicated. Ensuring nodesare configured consistently is also difficult.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, thousands of potentiallyheterogeneous nodes 282 can be included in a cluster, the cluster 110can be dynamically resized (in terms of the number of nodes and types ofnodes in the cluster), and ephemeral nodes 282 (AWS spot nodes, GCEpreemptable nodes) can be handled cleanly. The disclosed systems andmethods advantageously provide minimal configuration and managementoverhead, and provide simple basis for monitoring. In some embodiments,the systems and methods of the present disclosure support a state-basedmachine configuration, e.g. for mounting additional drives, setting upsymlinks, installing packages on nodes 282. In some embodiments, thesystems and method provide for the autodiscovery of the cluster 110configuration when compute nodes 282 come up (are added to the cluster110).

In some embodiments, the central coordination medium used by the queuemodule 244 is network file system (NFS). NFS is a distributed filesystem protocol that allows a user to access files over thecommunications network 104 much like local storage is accessed. NFSbuilds on the Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (ONC RPC)system. NFS is defined in Request for Comments 1813, NFS Version 3Protocol Specification, Network Working Group, Callaghan et al., June1995, available on the Internet at tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1813, which ishereby incorporated by reference. NFS supports the transactionalsemantics, such as my, and support the scale supported in someembodiments of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, when a node 282 is added to the cluster 110, itcreates a corresponding node host directory 320 in the coordinationdirectory and writes a node status file 322 with its configurationinformation into that directory. When a job 250 is submitted to thequeue 248, a job definition file 250 is written to the pending jobdirectory associated with a queue. A compute node 282, seeing this jobdefinition file, moves the file into its own node host directory 320 toclaim it. In some embodiments, NFS semantics ensure only one computenode 282 will be able to claim the job 250 this way. The job 250 is runto completion on the corresponding node 282 and then the job 250 ismoved to a succeeded jobs directory/folder 290.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the queue module 244supports a qsub command. The qsub command captures a job script (commandline or stdin) 250 as well as environment (including current user andworking directory) and writes them to the appropriate place in thepending job directory 248.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the computing system 100provides a compute node host process (execd), running on a respectivenode 282, which scans the queue (pending job directory 248) for jobs 250for the respective node 282 to do and claims jobs for the respectivenode as appropriate. This process also periodically writes and updatesthe node status file 322 for the respective node. In some embodiments,this process is also responsible for maintaining and monitoring themachine state of the respective node.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the computing system 100provides a job host, which consumes a job definition file 250 asgenerated by qsub and runs the actual work on a node 282. This processcaptures standard output and standard error into appropriate files onthe node 282 and monitors the job on the node 282. This process movesthe job file 250 into the succeeded job directory (folder) 290 or thefailed jobs directory (folder) 294 as appropriate upon termination ofthe corresponding job.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the computing system 100provides a cluster janitor that monitors node status files 322. If oneof them is too old, the cluster janitor moves all the running jobs 250for that node 282 to the failed state (e.g. to the failed jobs directory294).

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the computing system 100provides a qstat process that finds all of the job definition files 250in the queue 248 (e.g., pending job directory) and displays their state.In some embodiments, the qstat process is provided by summary module246.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the computing system 100provides a qdel process that finds the job definition file 250 for adesired job 250 and moves it from wherever it is to the failed jobsdirectory 294 if the job has not started running on a node 282 yet. Ifthe job 250 has started running on a node 282, the qdel process writes atermination request file to the job working directory (e.g., node hostdirectory 320) of the corresponding node 282.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the computing system 100provides a ghost process that finds all the node status files 322 of allnodes 282 that are presently in the cluster 110 and displays theirinformation.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the computing system 100provides an autoscaler process that inspects the load on nodes 282 inthe cluster 110 and pending (unclaimed) jobs in the queue 248 anddecides when to start up new nodes 282 (e.g., add new nodes to thecluster 110) or direct existing nodes 282 to shut down (e.g., removenodes 282 from the cluster 110).

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the computing system 100provides coordination directory structure and the root of thecoordination folder is relied upon by qsub or the compute node host inorder to start. In some embodiments, there are also configuration fileswith additional options or overrides. In some embodiments thecoordination directory structure has the structure illustrated in FIG.7. In such embodiments, job definition files 250 are created in the jobbacking store and hard-linked to the pending jobs directory, from whichthey are moved elsewhere. The backing store directory thus serves as alisting of all job ids.

In some embodiments, the pending jobs directory 248 is writeable byusers who can submit jobs 250. The claimed and running work directoriesare writeable by users who can cancel jobs. The machine state file iswriteable by users who can change machine state. The other directoriesand files are writeable by the user under which the cluster managementdaemons run, but are readable by any user who is permitted to monitorcluster status.

In some embodiments, scheduling is done on an almost entirelydistributed basis. If a node 282 with the janitor or autoscaler goesdown, the distributed computing environment is maintained: nodes 282autonomously look for work, greedily claiming the oldest job from thepending job directory 248 that they are able to accept at any time.Provided that more nodes 282 can be added to the cluster 110 when thequeue 248 backs up, this result in jobs getting eventually scheduled.

In the event that a cap on new nodes 282 being added has been reached, asituation may arise where, for example, all the nodes 282 in the cluster110 are running one processor unit jobs 250 and there is an eightprocessor unit job 250 waiting in the queue 248, but no node 282 has 8processors free. In that case the forcible scheduler, which is part ofthe autoscaler in some embodiments, can just forcibly move the jobdefinition file 250 for this job into the claimed directory of one ofthe nodes 282 in the cluster 110. Then that node 282 will not claim anynew work from the queue 248 until after it has been able to startrunning that job.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the computing system 100provides a janitor whose job is to clean up dead nodes 282. If a node282 has failed, it will stop updating its status file 322. When thishappens, on a relatively short timeout the janitor will move work out ofthe claimed directory of the node 282 and back into the pendingdirectory 248. On a much longer timeout, jobs are marked as failed andthe presumed dead nodes 282 are explicitly terminated from the cluster110 when running on AWS or GCE. Furthermore, the janitor is responsiblefor detecting nodes 282 which should be up within the cluster 110 (e.g.they are costing money in AWS or GCE) but have not written to their nodestatus file 322. Additionally, in some embodiments, the janitor processhas the job of deleting job result directories from the succeeded 290and failed directories 294 after a configurable amount of time or numberof jobs 250 in the history. This prevents the files associated with oldjobs eventually overwhelming the file system. In some embodiments, thejanitor also checks the job backing store directory for older jobs whichhave an inode link count of one and removes them. In some embodiments,the disclosed janitor functions are provided by queue module 244 of FIG.2.

In some embodiments, the disclosed systems and method provide anautoscaler that manage the number of nodes 282 and types of nodes in thecluster 110. If there is a pending job 250 and there is no node in thecluster 110 that has the resources needed to run the job (e.g. a jobneeds 256 gigabytes of random access memory and none of the nodes 282have more than 160 gigabytes of reservable memory) then the autoscalerwill start a node 282 large enough for that job. If the oldest job 250has been sitting in the queue 248 for too long, then the autoscaler willstart up one or more nodes with enough resources to run the jobs in thequeue. If the total amount of unutilized resources in the cluster 110 ismore than the size of a compute node 282, the autoscaler will shut downa node. If the oldest pending job in the queue 248 is older than somejobs which are currently running, after a while, and the autoscalercannot start up a new node 282, the autoscaler will assign the job towhichever node 282 in the cluster 110 that seems most likely to have theresources to run it soonest.

In some embodiments, the disclosed functionality of the autoscaler isencompassed within the queue module 246 of FIG. 2.

In some embodiments, the autoscaler is responsible for provisioning newhosts 282, and also for configuring them when they come up, includingmounting the coordination directory and starting the node host daemon

In some embodiments, when the autoscaler wants to shut down a host, itdoes so by generating a shutdown job. In some embodiments, there are twokinds of shutdown jobs 250, “soft” and “hard”. Soft shutdown of jobs ishandled like a regular job which requires an entire node 282 to run (butdoesn't explicitly call out the node size). If left in the queue, thisjob will shut down the next node 282 that becomes idle. This isadvantageous when new jobs 250 are not being generated. If new jobs 250are being generated but the free capacity of the cluster 110 is spreadover several nodes 282 within the cluster, the autoscaler can move thesoft shutdown job into the claimed directory for one of the nodes 282just as it does with normal jobs when the greedy scheduling fails.

If a node 282 needs to be shut down as soon as possible (for example onAWS if the spot price rises too high to support such a large cluster110) a hard shutdown job can be generated and assigned to a node 282,which will terminate its running jobs and shut down immediately therebyremoving the node from the cluster 110. In some such embodiments, thisshut down includes unclaiming jobs and cleaning files generated by suchjob in the manner disclosed above with respect to the janitor, as wellas setting an offline state in the host status file 322 for the node282. Depending on configuration, it will either just shut down thecompute node host executable, shut down the machine (the node 282), oreven terminate the AWS or GCE instance

In some embodiments, the autoscaler will publish an http applicationprograming interface for debugging its internal state, changingparameters, and inspecting the cluster state (number of running jobs,etc.)n some embodiments, the autoscaler has three budgets defined, interms of units of currency per hour. There is a target budget, a softspend limit, and a hard spend limit. If the costs of a node 282 arefixed, the target budget controls. New nodes 282 will not be started ifthat would put the total cluster spend above the target budget. The softspend limit is the limit at which nodes 282 start getting soft shutdownsignals. It is configured somewhere above the target budget to providesome hysteresis in the node 282 count within the cluster 110 in the faceof changes in instance cost. The hard limit is somewhat higher toaccount for the expected value of allowing jobs 250 on a node 282 tocomplete rather than forcing them to immediately fail. By way ofexample, consider the case of a target budget of $5/hour, a soft limitof $6/hour, and a hard limit of $7/hour. Further still, the spot pricefor a compute node 282 is $0.50/hour. If the cluster 110 is at fullload, ten nodes will start up. Later, the spot price increases to$0.65/hour. One node 282 will get a soft shutdown signal, but will beallowed to finish running jobs 250 before shutting down, bringing thenumber of nodes to nine and the total cluster spend down to $5.85. Thenconsider the case where the spot price goes up to $1/hour. Two nodeswill get a hard shutdown message, killing any running jobs, and one willget a soft shutdown, bringing the spend immediately down to $7 andeventually to $6

In some embodiments, the disclosed systems and methods provide a jobhost that starts up with a job definition and has several requirements.The job host monitors the host status file. If that times out, implyingthat the corresponding compute node host executable has failed, the job250 must be terminated or else the cluster 110 will be in aninconsistent state when the janitor comes around and decides the hostnode 282 has failed. The job host further collect monitoring informationfor the job 250 processes, e.g. CPU and memory usage. The job hosthandles success or failure of a job 250, moving the job directory intothe appropriate location in the coordination directory (e.g., thesucceeded jobs directory 290 or the failed jobs directory 294) once theprocess completes. In some embodiments, the job host further checks fora job termination request (from qdel) and terminates the job 250 ifrequested. In some embodiments, the job host also sets up the user andenvironment for the job script to run in. In some embodiments, all or aportion of the disclosed functionality of the job host is incorporatedinto the queue module 244.

In some embodiments, the disclosed systems and methods provide a computenode host (execd). The compute node host starts up with a configurationwhich tells it the location of the coordination root directory and otherinformation such as shutdown behavior and resource availabilityinformation (which is auto-discovered in some embodiments). In someembodiments execd overrides such auto-discovery (e.g., if the host isrunning as an SGE job). Upon startup, the host generates a unique hostsession name, generally the machine name plus startup timestamp. Itgenerates a directory by that name with subdirectories for claimed andrunning jobs, and writes its status file into that directory. In themain loop of the node host, it checks whether child jobs are stillrunning and updates its available capacity accordingly. It updates thecorresponding node status file 322. It looks for work in the pendingdirectory 248 to move into the claimed directory until either theconsumable resources of the corresponding node 282 are exhausted orthere are no more pending jobs available. In some embodiments thecompute node host runs the machine state manager. Next the compute nodehost scans the node's claimed directory for work. If it can start thatwork it does so. The compute node then writes to the status file 322again. The compute node then sleeps until the next iteration. In someembodiments, the sleep amount is somewhat randomized to prevent too manyhosts hammering the NFS directory concurrently. At the end of each jobloop iteration, the compute host logs various metrics that can beplotted over time, such as CPU usage, free memory on the correspondingnode 282, reserved resources on the corresponding node 282, and soforth. In some embodiments the node host also collects additional systemlogs such as dmsg. When executing work, in some embodiments, the nodehost creates a subdirectory directory in the running jobs directory withthe same name as the job definition. Then it moves the job definitioninto that directory and invokes the job host to actually run it. Beforestarting a job 250, the compute node host checks that the currentmachine state is at least as recent as the machine state definitionspecified in the job definition 250. If the order of operations above isfollowed, that is already guaranteed so long as the NFS serverguarantees total store ordering. In some embodiments, the node hostexposes an http application programming interface for debugging. In someembodiments, any or all of the disclosed functionality of the computenode host is within the job management module 646 illustrated in FIG. 6.

In some embodiments, the disclosed systems and methods provide a machinestate manager. The machine state manager is designed to run as part ofthe compute node host. The machine state file specifies a list ofdesired states. In some embodiments, these states include Symlinks, NFSmounts, NFS exports, System packages (yum or apt), and running daemons.In some embodiments, this is an ordered list, so items later in the listare permitted to depend on items earlier in the list (e.g. a symlink myneed an NFS mount first). In some embodiments, the machine state fileresides in the coordination root directory of the corresponding node282. When the machine state manager detects a change, it copies themachine state file to the local configuration directory as a pendingmachine state. In some embodiments, the machine state manager isresponsible for examining the current machine state and determining howto transition into the pending one. In some embodiments, the currentmachine state file is not trusted as a source of truth by the statemanager. Once the transition is complete, it moves the pending statefile to overwrite the current state file. In the event of an error itlogs the error to the host's subdirectory of the coordination directoryand tries again later.

In some embodiments, a job definition 250 specifies a job script, anenvironment, a working directory, a location to write stdout and stderrfor the job, a uid to run as, and a machine state file version. In someembodiments, a job definition specifies any resources (CPU 266, memory268) that the job 250 requires. Optionally the job definition provides ajob name 256. In some embodiments, job identifiers 252 are notsequential like they are in SGE, because there is not a central point ofcoordination. In some embodiments, a process such as tmpfile( ) orequivalent is used to ensure unique job identifiers 252.

In some embodiments, and referring to FIG. 3B and FIG. 6, the nodestatus file 322 is a JSON file comprising the last time the file waswritten (326) written into the file. If the last written time was morethan a few minutes ago, in some embodiments the corresponding node 282will be considered possibly down and will not be consider to beavailable for scheduling from the autoscaler's point of view. If thelast written time was a long time ago (several hours at least) it issafe to consider the corresponding node 282 dead in some embodiment. Insuch instances, the node is terminated and the jobs 250 running on thenode 282 are assumed failed. In some embodiments, the node status file322 further comprises the node state 325 (starting up, started,terminated). In some embodiments, nodes 282 still starting up should nothave jobs 250 scheduled to them, but it is still important to know theyexist in some embodiments. In some embodiments, nodes 282 which areshutting down can say so in order to more promptly let the autoscalerknow about it. In some embodiments, the node status file 322 furtherincludes the total number of threads and memory available on thecorresponding nodes 282. In some embodiments, the node status file 322further includes the remaining unreserved threads 328 and memory 330available on the machine. This is used to determine idle capacity forpurposes of scheduling and the autoscaler. In some embodiments, the nodestatus file 322 further includes the instance identifier 270 for thenodes in case the autoscaler needs to terminate it, and also to ensurethat all the nodes 282 that are being paid for are actually processingjobs 250.

CONCLUSION

All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety and for all purposes to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent or patent application was specificallyand individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in itsentirety for all purposes.

Plural instances may be provided for components, operations orstructures described herein as a single instance. Boundaries betweenvarious components, operations, and data stores are somewhat arbitrary,and particular operations are illustrated in the context of specificillustrative configurations. Other forms of functionality are envisionedand may fall within the scope of the implementation(s). In general,structures and functionality presented as separate components in theexample configurations may be implemented as a combined structure orcomponent. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a singlecomponent may be implemented as separate components. These and othervariations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within thescope of the implementation(s).

It will also be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,”etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elementsshould not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used todistinguish one element from another. For example, a first mark could betermed a second mark, and, similarly, a second mark could be termed afirst mark, without changing the meaning of the description, so long asall occurrences of the “first mark” are renamed consistently and alloccurrences of the “second mark” are renamed consistently. The firstmark, and the second mark are both marks, but they are not the samemark.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularimplementations only and is not intended to be limiting of the claims.As used in the description of the implementations and the appendedclaims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to includethe plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as usedherein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations ofone or more of the associated listed items. It will be furtherunderstood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used inthis specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers,steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude thepresence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps,operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon”or “in response to determining” or “in accordance with a determination”or “in response to detecting,” that a stated condition precedent istrue, depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it isdetermined (that a stated condition precedent is true)” or “if (a statedcondition precedent is true)” or “when (a stated condition precedent istrue)” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response todetermining” or “in accordance with a determination” or “upon detecting”or “in response to detecting” that the stated condition precedent istrue, depending on the context.

The foregoing description included example systems, methods, techniques,instruction sequences, and computing node program products that embodyillustrative implementations. For purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details were set forth in order to provide an understanding ofvarious implementations of the inventive subject matter. It will beevident, however, to those skilled in the art that implementations ofthe inventive subject matter may be practiced without these specificdetails. In general, well-known instruction instances, protocols,structures and techniques have not been shown in detail.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has beendescribed with reference to specific implementations. However, theillustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the implementations to the precise forms disclosed. Manymodifications and variations are possible in view of the aboveteachings. The implementations were chosen and described in order tobest explain the principles and their practical applications, to therebyenable others skilled in the art to best utilize the implementations andvarious implementations with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computing system comprising one or moreprocessors and a memory, the memory storing one or more programs forexecution by the one or more processors, the one or more programssingularly or collectively comprising instructions for executing amethod comprising: identifying one or more nodes to satisfy a hardwarerequirement for at least a subset of jobs in a queue comprising aplurality of jobs, wherein each respective job in the queue indicateswhen the respective job was submitted to the queue and independentlyspecifies one or more node resource requirements, and wherein theidentifying comprises: (i) determining a current availability score foreach respective node class in a plurality of node classes, and (ii)reserving one or more nodes of a first node class in the plurality ofnode classes when a demand score for the first node class satisfies thecurrent availability score for the corresponding node class by a firstthreshold amount; and granting each respective node in the one or morenodes of the first node class with a draw privilege, wherein the drawprivilege permits a respective node to draw one or more jobs from theplurality of jobs subject to a constraint that the hardware requirementsof the one or more jobs drawn by the respective node do not exceed thehardware resources of the respective node.
 2. The computing system ofclaim 1, wherein each respective job in the plurality of jobs isassociated with an originating user identifier, and wherein the methodfurther comprises associating the originating user of a first job in theplurality of jobs with all or a portion of the current availabilityscore of the node class of the respective node that draws the first jobin the plurality of jobs.
 3. The computing system of claim 1, whereinthe demand score for the first node class is determined by: (i) a numberof reservable processing cores of the first node class, and (ii) areservable memory capability of the first node class.
 4. The computingsystem of claim 3, wherein the demand score for the first node class isfurther determined by a processor performance of a reservable processingcore of the first node class.
 5. The computing system of claim 1,wherein at least one node in the one or more nodes is a virtual machine.6. The computing system of claim 1, the method further comprising: rankordering the plurality of node classes prior to the reserving (ii) bydetermining a respective effective availability score for eachrespective node class in the plurality of node classes using: (a) thecurrent availability score for the respective node class, (b) areservable number of processing cores for the respective node class, and(c) a likelihood of usefulness of the respective node class, wherein thelikelihood of usefulness is determined by a difference in the currentavailability score and a demand score for the respective node class,thereby rank ordering the plurality of node classes into a rank order;and identifying the first node class from among the plurality of nodeclasses using the rank order of the plurality of node classes.
 7. Thecomputing system of claim 1, wherein a job in the plurality of jobscomprises a container.
 8. The computing system of claim 1, wherein a jobin the plurality of jobs comprises a process.
 9. The computing system ofclaim 1, wherein the method further comprises writing a job definitionfile in a pending jobs directory for each respective job in theplurality of jobs.
 10. The computing system of claim 9, wherein themethod further comprises: creating a respective host directory for eachrespective node in the one or more nodes thereby creating one or morehost directories, writing a corresponding node status file in thecorresponding host directory for each respective node in the one or morenodes, updating a status of each respective node in the one or morenodes by updating the node status file corresponding to the respectivenode based upon a status received from the respective node; and movingthe job definition file of a job in the queue from the pending jobsdirectory to the host directory corresponding to a respective node inthe one or more nodes when the respective node draws the job from thequeue.
 11. The computing system of claim 10, wherein the method furthercomprises: running a node clean-up process comprising: checking a statusof each node in the one or more nodes by reading each host configurationin each host directory in the one or more host directories on arecurring basis; and responsive to determining that a respective node inthe one or more nodes has failed to update its status in the hostconfiguration file corresponding to the respective node within a firsttime-out period, moving the job definition file of each respective jobthat is in the host directory corresponding to the respective node backinto the pending jobs directory thereby adding each said respective jobback to the queue.
 12. The computing system of claim 1, wherein themethod further comprises scanning the queue in accordance with the drawprivilege, thereby identifying the one or more jobs from the queue. 13.The computing system of claim 1, wherein the method further comprisesinstalling a distributed computing module on a respective node in theone or more nodes of the first node class as an image, wherein the imagecomprises an operating system that is executed by the respective node.14. The computing system of claim 13, wherein the image furthercomprises instructions for acquiring, from a remote location, one ormore programs required to run all or a portion of a job in the pluralityof j obs.
 15. The computing system of claim 1, wherein the drawprivilege permits a respective node to draw two or more jobs from theplurality of jobs, and wherein the respective node prioritizes the twoor more jobs based on when each of the jobs in the two or more jobs weresubmitted to the queue.
 16. A non-transitory computer readable storagemedium stored on a computing device, the computing device comprising oneor more processors and a memory, the memory storing one or more programsfor execution by the one or more processors, wherein the one or moreprograms singularly or collectively comprise instructions for executinga method comprising: identifying one or more nodes to satisfy a hardwarerequirement for at least a subset of jobs in a queue comprising aplurality of jobs, wherein each respective job in the queue indicateswhen the respective job was submitted to the queue and independentlyspecifies one or more node resource requirements, and wherein theidentifying comprises: (i) determining a current availability score foreach respective node class in a plurality of node classes, and (ii)reserving one or more nodes of a first node class in the plurality ofnode classes when a demand score for the first node class satisfies thecurrent availability score for the corresponding node class by a firstthreshold amount; and granting each respective node in the one or morenodes of the first node class with a draw privilege, wherein the drawprivilege permits a respective node to draw one or more jobs from theplurality of jobs subject to a constraint that the hardware requirementsof the one or more jobs drawn by the respective node do not exceed thehardware resources of the respective node.
 17. The non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the draw privilegepermits a respective node to draw two or more jobs from the plurality ofjobs, and wherein the respective node prioritizes the two or more jobsbased on when each of the jobs in the two or more jobs were submitted tothe queue.
 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium ofclaim 16 wherein at least one node in the one or more nodes is a virtualmachine.
 19. A method comprising: identifying one or more nodes tosatisfy a hardware requirement for at least a subset of jobs in a queuecomprising a plurality of jobs, wherein each respective job in the queueindicates when the respective job was submitted to the queue andindependently specifies one or more node resource requirements, andwherein the identifying comprises: (i) determining a currentavailability score for each respective node class in a plurality of nodeclasses, and (ii) reserving one or more nodes of a first node class inthe plurality of node classes when a demand score for the first nodeclass satisfies the current availability score for the correspondingnode class by a first threshold amount; and granting each respectivenode in the one or more nodes of the first node class with a drawprivilege, wherein the draw privilege permits a respective node to drawone or more jobs from the plurality of jobs subject to a constraint thatthe hardware requirements of the one or more jobs drawn by therespective node do not exceed the hardware resources of the respectivenode.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the draw privilege permits arespective node to draw two or more jobs from the plurality of jobs, andwherein the respective node prioritizes the two or more jobs based onwhen each of the jobs in the two or more jobs were submitted to thequeue.